TABLE 1.
Humans are commonly exposed to causes of oxidative stress and dietary antioxidants1
| Source of oxidative stress | Dietary antioxidant |
|---|---|
| Dietary oxidants: peroxides, nitrites, sulfites | Tocopherols and tocotrienols |
| Glyco-oxidative stress (AGE) | Ascorbate, GSH, ubiquinols |
| ER stress | Supporting nutrients: Se, Fe, Cu, Zn, B vitamins |
| Proteotoxic stress | Carotenoids: lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin |
| Disulfide stress | Flavonoids: anthocyanins, phloretin |
| Photooxidative stress: ultraviolet (UV-A, UV-B), visible, infrared-A | Flavonols: keampferol, quercetin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate |
| Ionizing radiation | Flavanones: eriodictyol, hesperetin, naringenin |
| Nitrosative stress | Flavones: luteolin |
| Nanoparticles | Isoflavonoids: daidzein, genistein |
| Air pollution: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone | Organosulfur compounds: allicin |
| Physical forces: wind, sound, heat | Phenolic acids: caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid |
| Toxic trace metals | Polyphenols: butein, curcumin, resveratrol |
| Environmental pollutants: pesticides, POPs | Stilbenes: tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside |
| — | Tannins: ellagitannins |
1Reductionist approaches are needed to identify and elucidate mechanisms of the individual elements; whereas, systems biology and network analyses are needed to understand biological responses to simultaneous exposure to multiple oxidants and antioxidants. AGE, advanced glycation end-product; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; GSH, glutathione; POP, persistent organic pollutant.