TABLE 3.
Percentage changes in plasma adiposity-associated biomarker concentrations across quintiles of an hPDI change and a uPDI change between 1995 and 2011 in the Nurses’ Health Study II1
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | P-trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hPDI | ||||||
| n | 174 | 174 | 146 | 181 | 156 | |
| Median (range) | −9 (−20, −6) | −3 (−5, −2) | 0 (−1, 1) | 4 (2, 6) | 10 (7, 24) | |
| Adiponectin | ||||||
| Multivariable2 | −2.3 (−10.1, 6.1) | 3.9 (−4.4, 12.9) | −0.3 (−8.5, 8.5) | 2.6 (−5.5, 11.4) | 7.4 (−1.5, 17.1) | 0.020 |
| Multivariable + Wt change | 1.8 (−6.0, 10.2) | 6.6 (−1.5, 15.4) | 3.2 (−4.8, 12.0) | 3.0 (−4.8, 11.5) | 7.9 (−0.6, 17.1) | 0.23 |
| Leptin | ||||||
| Multivariable | 58.1 (34.9, 85.2) | 41.4 (20.7, 65.7) | 32.6 (12.7, 56.0) | 27.5 (8.9, 49.2) | 16.8 (−0.9, 37.6) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable + Wt change | 37.4 (20.2, 57.1) | 29.8 (13.6, 48.3) | 18.6 (3.4, 36.0) | 26.3 (10.7, 44.2) | 16.3 (1.3, 33.5) | 0.005 |
| sOB-R | ||||||
| Multivariable | −4.5 (−9.5, 0.9) | −2.2 (−7.4, 3.3) | −3.6 (−8.9, 1.9) | −1.9 (−7.1, 3.5) | −2.8 (−8.1, 2.9) | 0.44 |
| Multivariable + Wt change | −2.0 (−7.0, 3.2) | −0.6 (−5.6, 4.7) | −1.4 (−6.6, 4.0) | −1.8 (−6.7, 3.5) | −2.6 (−7.8, 2.8) | 0.65 |
| Free leptin index3 | ||||||
| Multivariable | 66.0 (36.8, 101.6) | 45.4 (19.8, 76.4) | 33.9 (9.7, 63.4) | 31.2 (8.2, 59.1) | 21.0 (−1.0, 47.9) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable + Wt change | 42.1 (20.2, 68.1) | 33.0 (12.5, 57.1) | 18.5 (−0.3, 40.7) | 31.2 (11.1, 54.8) | 21.0 (1.8, 43.9) | 0.038 |
| Insulin | ||||||
| Multivariable | 30.5 (8.8, 56.6) | 24.3 (3.8, 49.0) | 31.8 (9.5, 58.7) | 18.1 (−1.3, 41.3) | 17.3 (−2.7, 41.4) | 0.12 |
| Multivariable + Wt change | 20.7 (1.4, 43.8) | 18.8 (−0.1, 41.2) | 23.9 (3.7, 48.0) | 18.9 (0.2, 41.2) | 17.4 (−1.8, 40.3) | 0.72 |
| RBP-4 | ||||||
| Multivariable | 13.1 (7.2, 19.3) | 10.5 (4.8, 16.5) | 10.0 (4.1, 16.2) | 12.6 (6.8, 18.8) | 10.8 (4.8, 17.1) | 0.62 |
| Multivariable + Wt change | 12.2 (6.4, 18.4) | 10.0 (4.3, 16.0) | 9.3 (3.5, 15.5) | 12.6 (6.8, 18.8) | 10.8 (4.9, 17.1) | 0.91 |
| hsCRP | ||||||
| Multivariable | 35.0 (3.1, 76.7) | 3.5 (−20.9, 35.3) | 1.4 (−23.0, 33.6) | −2.6 (−25.4, 27.2) | −22.4 (−41.3, 2.5) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable + Wt change | 20.2 (−7.3, 55.7) | −3.9 (−25.7, 24.3) | −7.6 (−29.1, 20.5) | −2.8 (−24.7, 25.5) | −22.2 (−40.4, 1.6) | <0.001 |
| IL-6 | ||||||
| Multivariable | 14.7 (−2.4, 34.8) | 13.2 (−3.7, 33.0) | 21.1 (2.6, 42.9) | 8.8 (−7.4, 27.8) | 12.5 (−4.9, 32.9) | 0.61 |
| Multivariable + Wt change | 12.2 (−4.5, 31.9) | 11.8 (−4.8, 31.4) | 18.5 (0.4, 40.0) | 8.7 (−7.4, 27.6) | 12.6 (−4.7, 33.0) | 0.90 |
| uPDI | ||||||
| n | 157 | 174 | 148 | 192 | 160 | |
| Median (range) | −17 (−31, −14) | −11 (−13, −9) | −7 (−8, −6) | −3 (−5, −1) | 3 (0, 20) | |
| Adiponectin | ||||||
| Multivariable | 6.6 (−2.2, 16.2) | 3.2 (−5.0, 12.2) | 0.6 (−7.4, 9.4) | 0.0 (−8.0, 8.6) | −1.5 (−9.6, 7.2) | 0.025 |
| Multivariable + Wt change | 7.6 (−0.8, 16.8) | 4.0 (−4.0, 12.6) | 2.6 (−5.2, 11.1) | 3.7 (−4.1, 12.3) | 2.3 (−5.7, 11.0) | 0.21 |
| Leptin | ||||||
| Multivariable | 14.7 (−2.7, 35.1) | 22.2 (4.3, 43.2) | 45.5 (24.1, 70.5) | 42.6 (21.8, 66.8) | 57.2 (33.6, 84.9) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable + Wt change | 12.2 (−2.2, 28.7) | 19.7 (4.8, 36.8) | 36.2 (19.3, 55.6) | 27.3 (11.5, 45.3) | 38.4 (20.7, 58.7) | <0.001 |
| sOB-R | ||||||
| Multivariable | 0.7 (−4.8, 6.5) | −1.7 (−6.9, 3.8) | −3.8 (−8.9, 1.6) | −4.1 (−9.2, 1.2) | −4.6 (−9.8, 0.8) | 0.018 |
| Multivariable + Wt change | 1.0 (−4.2, 6.6) | −1.4 (−6.4, 3.9) | −2.7 (−7.6, 2.5) | −1.9 (−6.9, 3.3) | −2.3 (−7.4, 3.1) | 0.19 |
| Free leptin index | ||||||
| Multivariable | 14.7 (−6.2, 40.1) | 26.7 (4.3, 53.9) | 53.9 (26.7, 86.9) | 49.3 (23.2, 81.1) | 59.7 (30.9, 94.8) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable + Wt change | 12.5 (−5.3, 33.6) | 25.0 (5.7, 47.7) | 44.4 (22.1, 70.7) | 31.9 (11.7, 55.8) | 38.6 (16.7, 64.6) | 0.009 |
| Insulin | ||||||
| Multivariable | 26.8 (5.1, 52.9) | 19.5 (−0.5, 43.6) | 18.9 (−0.8, 42.5) | 20.8 (0.9, 44.8) | 32.7 (10.1, 59.9) | 0.53 |
| Multivariable + Wt change | 26.4 (5.8, 51.0) | 19.2 (0.1, 41.9) | 15.3 (−3.0, 37.0) | 14.2 (−3.9, 35.7) | 22.5 (2.4, 46.4) | 0.59 |
| RBP-4 | ||||||
| Multivariable | 9.1 (3.3, 15.3) | 11.4 (5.7, 17.5) | 12.4 (6.5, 18.6) | 12.7 (6.8, 18.8) | 12.0 (6.1, 18.4) | 0.25 |
| Multivariable + Wt change | 9.0 (3.2, 15.2) | 11.3 (5.5, 17.4) | 12.0 (6.2, 18.1) | 12.0 (6.1, 18.1) | 11.2 (5.3, 17.5) | 0.41 |
| hsCRP | ||||||
| Multivariable | −17.0 (−37.3, 9.7) | −4.9 (−27.5, 24.7) | 15.6 (−11.9, 51.6) | 5.6 (−19.4, 38.1) | 24.6 (−5.6, 64.6) | 0.001 |
| Multivariable + Wt change | −18.0 (−37.3, 7.1) | −6.0 (−27.4, 21.9) | 9.9 (−15.3, 42.4) | −4.3 (−26.1, 23.9) | 11.5 (−14.7, 45.6) | 0.021 |
| IL-6 | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1.6 (−13.8, 19.7) | 7.0 (−8.9, 25.6) | 13.5 (−3.3, 33.1) | 19.4 (1.9, 40.0) | 29.8 (10.2, 52.9) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable + Wt change | 1.3 (−14.0, 19.4) | 7.0 (−8.8, 25.6) | 12.6 (−4.0, 32.1) | 17.2 (0.0, 37.5) | 28.1 (8.7, 51.1) | <0.001 |
1Values are adjusted least squares percentage changes (95% CIs) in plasma biomarker concentrations from general linear model. hPDI, healthful plant-based diet index; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; RBP-4, retinol-binding protein-4; sOB-R, soluble leptin receptor; uPDI, unhealthful plant-based diet index; Wt, weight.
2Adjusted for age at the first blood measurement, changes in total energy intake, alcohol intake, smoking status, physical activity, menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, baseline BMI, baseline corresponding plant-based diet indices, and baseline corresponding biomarker concentrations.
3Free leptin index is defined as the ratio of leptin to soluble leptin receptor.