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. 2019 Feb 15;120(5):512–521. doi: 10.1038/s41416-018-0373-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Axl overexpression is a common feature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). a Differential expression of Axl mRNA in a panel of 28 immortalised HCC cell line from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) dataset confirming Axl over-expression in 13/28 cell lines. b, c The relationship between the expression of Axl and EMT-related genes including E-Cadherin, Vimentin and Slug in the CCLE (b) and in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HCC RNA-seq dataset (n = 373). d, e GSEA on the CCLE RNA-seq dataset of 28 HCC cell lines (d) and TCGA dataset (e) confirmed enrichment of EMT-related transcripts in Axl-overexpressing cell lines (FDR q = 0.20 and q < 0.001, respectively). f Analysis of the expression of Axl and related total and phosphorylated protein by Western blotting in a panel of 7 HCC cell lines with colorectal cancer HCT116 cell lines serving as positive controls. g Representative sections of normal (n = 10), cirrhotic (n = 10) livers and HCC (n = 10) demonstrating Axl and Gas-6 expression by immunohistochemistry. HCC samples display a strong, membranous staining for Axl in neoplastic cells and scattered Gas-6 expression in peri-tumoural Kupffer cells. h The distribution of Axl expression by immunohistoscores (IHS) across normal, cirrhotic liver tissues and HCC (n = 10 in each group) demonstrating significant Axl overexpression in tumour samples. i Representative sections demonstrating Axl expression in matched primary and metastatic HCC specimens. j The distribution of Axl expression in primary and metastatic HCC samples (n = 12) derived from 5 patients