Table 2.
Candidate genes and important signaling pathways associated with diabetic retinopathy
| Signaling pathways | Candidate genes |
|---|---|
| Insulin signaling | AKT3,GRB2,SLC2A1,KCNJ11,TBC1D4,CEP135,UCHL3, HNMT, INSR |
| Angiogenesis | EDIL3,NOS3,SERPINE1,PLXDC2 |
| Blood vessel development | ACE,AGT,EDN1,NOS3,SELP,TCF7L2 |
| HIF-1 signaling | AKT3,EDN1, SLC2A1,NOS3,SERPINE1,VEGFA |
| Patterning of blood vessels | EDN1,VEGFA, GRAMD3 |
| Regulation of blood vessel size | ADRB3,AGT,AGTR1,EDN1,NOS3 |
| Response to hypoxia | ACE,EDN1, MTHFR,NOS3,TGFB1 |
| VEGF signaling | AKT3,GRB2,NOS3,VEGFA |
| Inflammation: | |
| IL-6 signaling | AKT3,GRB2,ICAM1, CRP |
| Leukocyte adhesion | ICAM1,ITGB1,SELP,TNF, |
| NF-kappa B activation | AGT,ICAM1,PARP1,TGFB1,TNF |
| NF-kappa B inhibition | COMMD6 |
| TGF-beta signaling | TGFB1,TNF |
| TNF signaling | AKT3,EDN1,ICAM1,PARP1,TNF |
| Lipid metabolic process | LRP2,PON1,ARL4C,COLEC12 |
| Neurogenesis: | |
| Apoptotic process | API5,GORAB |
| Neural cells differentiation | ZBTB18,ZNRF1 |
| Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction | ADRB3,AGTR,NPY,NPY2R |
| Neurotrophin signaling | AKT3,CAMK4,GRB2 |
| Jak-STAT signaling | AKT3, GRB2 |
| PI3K-Akt signaling | AKT3,COL4A4, GRB2,ITGB1,NOS3,VEGFA |
| Protein kinase cascade | ADRB3,AGT,EDN1, TGFB1,TNF |
| MAPK signaling | AKT3,GRB2,TGFB1,TNF |
| Ras signaling | AKT3,GRB2,VEGFA |
| mTOR signaling | AKT3,TNF,VEGFA |
| Regulation of endothelial cell / leukocytes interaction | |
| Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) | FMN1,ICAM1,ITGB1, SELP, COL4A4,ITGB1 |
| ECM-receptor interaction | ACE,AGT,NOS3,TGFB1 |
| Regulation of endothelial cell migration | AGT,EDN1,TGFB1 |
| Regulation of cellular localization | AGT,EDN1,KCNJ11,TCF7L2,TGFB1,TNF |
| Regulation of cell migration | ACE,AGT,EDN1,ICAM1,ITGB1,NOS3,SELP,TGFB1 |