Table 2.

Comparison of advantages and disadvantages between NBP and other strategies in inducing stem cell differentiation.

	Advantages	Disadvantages	Reference
Chemical and biological stimuli	High efficiency Easy application Well established High rates of proliferation and differentiation Can be produced in large quantities	High cost Very labile May cause side effects Active multiple signaling pathways and lack of specificity	[103, 104]
Physical stimuli	Manipulation of extracellular and physical environment for cells Proper electric field is benefit for cardiomyogenic differentiation	Heat effect Electrical effect Hard to control the proper amount Standardization required	[105–108]
NBP	Low cost Convenient and portable High availability The main role of exogenous free radical and ROS Easy control of the amount of ROS and RNS Mimic natural biological pathways and have minimum side effects	Mostly research based and very few clinical trials Mechanically not understood well yet Standardization required Low efficiency to differentiate	[35, 36, 46]