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. 2019 Mar 31;2019:7564207. doi: 10.1155/2019/7564207

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Kaempferol inhibits AGE formation and attenuates ROS production induced by D-ribose. (a) Mesangial cells were treated with kaempferol (1, 2, and 5 μM) for 48 h under D-ribose conditions. Immunocytochemistry assay was used to detect the formation of AGEs, bar = 100 μm. (b) Mesangial cells were treated with kaempferol (1, 2, and 5 μM) for 48 h under D-ribose conditions. The intracellular level of GSH was detected by GSH kit. (c) Mesangial cells were treated with kaempferol (1, 2, and 5 μM) for 24 h under D-ribose conditions. The intracellular level of ROS was detected by measuring the mean fluorescence intensity by flow cytometry. (d) Quantitative analysis of fluorescence intensity. The data are presented as the mean ± S.E.M. from at least three independent experiments. ##P < 0.01, relative to the control group; ∗P < 0.05 and ∗∗P < 0.01, relative to the D-ribose group.