Table 1.

MOTS-c alleviates various pathological conditions

Pathological conditions	MOTS-c action	References
Aging-associated insulin resistance	Increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscles in aged mice.	[1]
High-fat diet (HFD)-insulin resistance	Increases insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed mice. Increases GLUT-4 expression in skeletal muscle in HFD-fed mice.	[1]
Obesity-associated insulin resistance	Plasma MOTS-c levels are lower in obese male children and adolescents and negatively correlated with markers of insulin resistance and obesity.	[22, 23]
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis	Decreases hepatic fat accumulation in HFD-fed mice. MOTS-c analogues prevent NASH in a STAM model	[1,19]
Endothelial dysfunction	Improves endothelial function in rats. Plasma MOTS-c levels are lower in human subjects with impaired coronary endothelial function.	[24]
Menopause-associated conditions	Prevents ovariectomy-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Alleviates ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis.	[3, 20]
Osteoporosis/Osteopenia	Alleviates bone loss in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis via AMPK. Promotes rat bone mesenchymal stem cells differentiation to osteoblasts via TGF-β pathway.	[20, 21]
Sepsis	Improves survival in mice during MRSA infection. Enhances bactericidal capacity of macrophages in MRSA-infected mice.	[34]