Table 1 —
Baseline characteristics of participants
| Characteristics | Fish oil (n = 11) |
Placebo (n = 13) |
P value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 69 ± 8 | 73 ± 7 | 0.14 |
| Male sex | 11 (100%) | 13 (100%) | 1.0 |
| Caucasian | 7 (63%) | 10 (77%) | 0.66 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29 ± 5 | 28 ± 5 | 0.56 |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.99 ± 0.05 | 1.02 ± 0.07 | 0.32 |
| History of smoking | 10 (91%) | 13 (100%) | 0.46 |
| Pack y | 43 ± 35 | 31 ± 18 | 0.28 |
| Omega-3 index (%) | 5.5 ± 2.1 | 5.7 ± 1.5 | 0.77 |
| Index ABI | 0.60 ± 0.09 | 0.66 ± 0.09 | 0.11 |
| Rutherford | |||
| Mild claudication | 3 (27%) | 5 (39%) | 0.86 |
| Moderate claudication | 7 (64%) | 6 (46%) | |
| Severe claudication | 1 (9%) | 2 (15%) | |
| History of revascularization | 4 (36%) | 3 (23%) | 0.66 |
| Lower extremity bypass | 2 (50%) | 1 (33%) | 0.86 |
| Lower extremity percutaneous | 2 (50%) | 2 (67%) | 1.0 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 9 (82%) | 11 (85%) | 1.0 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 8 (73%) | 12 (92%) | 0.30 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 3 (27%) | 4 (31%) | 1.0 |
| Coronary artery disease | 4 (36%) | 7 (54%) | 0.44 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 149 ± 20 | 154 ± 22 | 0.52 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 78 ± 8 | 82 ± 12 | 0.35 |
| Medications | |||
| Aspirin | 7 (64%) | 13 (100%) | 0.03 |
| ACE-inhibitor | 5 (45%) | 6 (46%) | 1.0 |
| Beta-blocker | 6 (55%) | 7 (54%) | 1.0 |
| Statin | 11 (100%) | 12 (92%) | 1.0 |
| Laboratory studies | |||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 153 ± 38 | 171 ± 52 | 0.36 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 87 ± 33 | 79 ± 18 | 0.53 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 48 ± 11 | 54 ± 21 | 0.45 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 92 ± 42 | 145 ± 116 | 0.17 |
| Serum Cr, mg/dL | 0.91 ± 0.2 | 1.10 ± 0.3 | 0.08 |
| eGFR (mL/min) | 85 ± 20 | 71 ± 24 | 0.14 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 0.35 |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 5.9 ± 0.9 | 0.99 |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 31 ± 10 | 29 ± 14 | 0.75 |
| Inflammation | |||
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 3.4 ± 2.4 | 3.8 ± 6.2 | 0.85 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 2.5 ± 3.4 | 0.35 |
| ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 576 ± 204 | 535 ± 141 | 0.57 |
| Brachial artery FMD | |||
| Brachial FMD (%) | 8.0 ± 4.6 | 5.8 ± 4.5 | 0.25 |
| Patient-perceived walking performance | |||
| Walking distance (score, from 0 to 100) | 42 ± 32 | 42 ± 35 | 0.99 |
| Walking speed (score, from 0 to 100) | 38 ± 18 | 41 ± 30 | 0.77 |
| Stairs climbing (score, from 0 to 100) | 40 ± 34 | 49 ± 30 | 0.50 |
| 6-min walk test | |||
| Time to claudication (s) | 113 ± 86 | 165 ± 99 | 0.30 |
| Distance to claudication (meters) | 119 ± 74 | 219 ± 125 | 0.07 |
Values are as “means ± SD” or “n (%).” Boldface P values were below the 0.05 level required for statistical significance.
ABI = ankle-brachial index; ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; BMI = body mass index; bpm = beats per minutes; Cr = creatinine; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtrate rate; FMD = flow-mediated vasodilation; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; hsCRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ICAM-1 = intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IL-6 = interleukin-6; LDL = low-density lipoprotein.
*
Calculated using Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables or a two-tailed Student’s t-test for continuous variables.