Table 3 —
Changes in DHA- and EPA-derived lipid mediator profiles with n-3 PUFA supplementation.
| Product | Fish oil (n = 11) |
Placebo (n = 13) |
Difference between groups† | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre [range] | Post [range] | P value* | Pre [range] | Post [range] | P value* | ||
| Plasma EPA | 2783 ± 1244 [1528, 5464] | 9568 ± 2546 [5829, 13,280] | <0.001 | 3773 ± 1979 [1182, 6082] | 4023 ± 2480 [1559, 8612] | 0.58 | <0.001 |
| EPA products | |||||||
| 5-HEPE | 11 ± 11 [2, 37] | 67 ± 42 [31, 139] | 0.003 | 10.0 ± 5.9 [3, 23] | 14 ± 10 [5, 43] | 0.07 | <0.001 |
| 11-HEPE | 3.2 ± 2.7 [1, 10] | 39 ± 32 [17, 116] | 0.02 | 4.7 ± 3.2 [1, 10] | 5.9 ± 3.8 [2, 14] | 0.28 | 0.002 |
| 12-HEPE | 24 ± 21 [3, 63] | 90 ± 64 [9, 201] | 0.02 | 142 ± 165 [6, 371] | 67 ± 42 [14, 170] | 0.17 | 0.04 |
| 15-HEPE | 19 ± 16 [9, 57] | 99 ± 49 [45, 192] | 0.002 | 20 ± 12 [5, 39] | 24 ± 13 [5, 43] | 0.08 | <0.001 |
| 18-HEPE | 23 ± 16 [12, 62] | 195 ± 119 [113, 469] | 0.005 | 36 ± 20 [11, 68] | 41 ± 32 [13, 121] | 0.47 | <0.001 |
| LXA5 | 0.05 ± 0.13 [0, 0.4] | 0.62 ± 0.66 [0, 2] | 0.05 | 0.19 ± 0.31 [0, 1] | 0.20 ± 0.56 [0, 2] | 0.93 | 0.04 |
| RvE1 | 0.32 ± 0.90 [0, 3] | 0.69 ± 0.83 [0, 2] | 0.06 | 0.33 ± 0.88 [0, 3] | 0.83 ± 1.10 [0, 3] | 0.22 | 0.78 |
| RvE2 | 13 ± 14 [0, 32] | 9.7 ± 3.5 [0, 22] | 0.54 | 13 ± 31 [0, 101] | 6.2 ± 6.1 [0, 17] | 0.54 | 0.83 |
| RvE3 | 33 ± 38 [0, 107] | 187 ± 199 [0, 539] | 0.04 | 26 ± 38 [0, 119] | 58 ± 82 [0, 183] | 0.08 | 0.04 |
| Plasma DHA | 7252 ± 3083 [4265, 12,918] | 9298 ± 2166 [5539, 11,951] | 0.03 | 6629 ± 2356 [3542, 10,312] | 7121± 2344 [3878, 11,734] | 0.23 | 0.06 |
| DHA products | |||||||
| 4-HDHA | 3.1 ± 3.0 [1, 10] | 11.0 ± 2.8 [8, 16] | 0.001 | 5.0 ± 2.9 [2, 9] | 5.6 ± 3.9 [2, 15] | 0.48 | <0.001 |
| 7-HDHA | 3.4 ± 2.1 [0, 6] | 4.7 ± 1.7 [3, 7] | 0.07 | 2.0 ± 1.2 [1, 4] | 2.8 ± 2.0 [1, 6] | 0.23 | 0.59 |
| 13-HDHA | 10.2 ± 6.5 [5, 26] | 28.3 ± 9.2 [20, 49] | 0.004 | 11.0 ± 6.8 [2, 26] | 12.1 ± 7.9 [3, 28] | 0.55 | <0.001 |
| 14-HDHA | 11 ± 11 [1, 32] | 44 ± 27 [20, 86] | 0.01 | 9.0 ± 4.7 [2, 17] | 24 ± 24 [3, 77] | 0.04 | 0.12 |
| 17-HDHA | 25 ± 21 [11, 76] | 90 ± 30 [48, 128] | <0.001 | 27 ± 16 [4, 56] | 38 ± 30 [6, 92] | 0.10 | <0.001 |
| 21-HDHA | 9.7 ± 6.8 [4, 23] | 31.7 ± 8.8 [22, 48] | <0.001 | 9.1 ± 4.9 [3, 17] | 12 ± 12 [3, 44] | 0.23 | <0.001 |
| RvD1 | 0.10 ± 0.27 [0, 1] | 0.12 ± 0.35 [0, 1] | 0.87 | 0 ± 0 [0, 0] | 0.16 ± 0.38 [0, 1] | 0.21 | 0.52 |
| RvD2 | 0 ± 0 [0, 0] | 15 ± 30 [0, 87] | 0.19 | 0.9 ± 1.8 [0, 5] | 1.5 ± 1.9 [0, 5] | 0.48 | 0.12 |
| RvD3 | 0.13 ± 0.17 [0, 0.4] | 0.17 ± 0.23 [0, 1] | 0.55 | 0.04 ± 0.07 [0, 0.2] | 0.03 ± 0.07 [0, 0.2] | 0.92 | 0.55 |
| RvD4 | 2.1 ± 0.4 [0, 17] | 0 ± 0 [0, 0] | 0.35 | 7.7 ± 20.5 [0, 68] | 59 ± 191 [0, 636] | 0.34 | 0.39 |
| RvD5 | 0 ± 0 [0, 0] | 0.58 ± 1.09 [0, 3] | 0.18 | 0 ± 0 [0, 0] | 0 ± 0 [0, 0] | NA | 0.09 |
| 17R-RvD1 | 0.01 ± 0.04 [0, 0.1] | 0.11 ± 0.23 [0, 1] | 0.30 | 0.5 ± 1.7 [0, 6] | 0.9 ± 2.6 [0, 9] | 0.23 | 0.43 |
| 17R-RvD3 | 0 ± 0 [0, 0] | 0.03 ± 0.05 [0, 0.1] | 0.11 | 0 ± 0 [0, 0] | 0 ± 0 [0, 0] | NA | 0.05 |
| PD1 | 2.3 ± 5.0 [0, 15] | 5.1 ± 12.6 [0, 36] | 0.34 | 5.6 ± 14.2 [0, 48] | 3.6 ± 5.8 [0, 17] | 0.61 | 0.35 |
| 17R-PD1 | 1.8 ± 5.1 [0, 15] | 0.9 ± 2.5 [0, 7] | 0.35 | 4.6 ± 7.7 [0, 20] | 4.2 ± 9.4 [0, 31] | 0.92 | 0.91 |
| 10S, 17S-diHDHA | 0.02 ± 0.05 [0, 0.2] | 0.31 ± 0.82 [0, 2] | 0.36 | 0.08 ± 0.21 [0, 1] | 2.5 ± 6.2 [0, 21] | 0.22 | 0.35 |
| MaR1 | 0.13 ± 0.20 [0, 0.53] | 0.24 ± 0.23 [0, 0.54] | 0.20 | 0.04 ± 0.09 [0, 0.3] | 0.06 ± 0.13 [0, 0.4] | 0.76 | 0.31 |
| MaR2 | 2.2 ± 2.0 [0, 5.4] | 2.5 ± 2.5 [0, 7] | 0.51 | 0.9 ± 1.6 [0, 5] | 1.3 ± 2.0 [0, 6] | 0.10 | 0.82 |
| 7S,14S-diHDHA | 0.01 ± 0.03 [0, 0.1] | 0.04 ± 0.11 [0, 0.3] | 0.35 | 0.16 ± 0.39 [0, 1] | 0.22 ± 0.35 [0, 1] | 0.45 | 0.75 |
Values are as “means ± SD” in units of pg/mL. Boldface P values were below the 0.05 level required for statistical significance.
7S,14S-diHDHA = 7S,14S-dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid; DHA = docosahexaenoic acid; EPA = eicosapentaenoic acid; HDHA = hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid; HEPE = hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid; LXA5 = lipoxin A5; MaR1 (2) = maresin 1 (2); n-3 PUFA = n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid; PD1 = protectin D1; RvD1 (2, 3, 4, 5) = resolvin D1 (D2, D3, D4, D5); RvE1 (2, 3) = resolvin E1 (E2, E3).
*
Calculated using a paired Student’s t-test.
†
Calculated using an unpaired Student’s t-test.