TABLE 1.
Association of characteristics of 1165 Project Viva participants with early childhood protein intake and adiposity, height, and IGF-I in early adolescence1
| Early adolescence outcomes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early childhood protein intake (g/d) | DXA fat mass index (kg/m2) | Height z score | IGF-I (ng/mL) | ||
| % | Mean ± SD or median (IQR)2 | ||||
| Overall | — | 58.3 (8.9) | 5.22 (4.01–7.27) | 0.33 ± 1.02 | 194 (154–237) |
| Child characteristics | |||||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 50 | 58.2 (8.20) | 4.58 (3.67–6.58) | 0.39 ± 1.05 | 175 (135–219) |
| Female | 50 | 58.4 (8.48) | 5.75 (4.49–7.80) | 0.28 ± 0.99 | 214 (180–251) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 66 | 58.6 (7.86) | 5.18 (4.06–7.03) | 0.31 ± 1.00 | 193 (149–236) |
| Black | 14 | 56.5 (9.48) | 5.57 (3.95–8.56) | 0.62 ± 1.06 | 197 (163–244) |
| Other | 20 | 58.7 (9.41) | 5.22 (3.94–7.44) | 0.21 ± 1.06 | 196 (162–237) |
| Gestational age at birth, wk | |||||
| <37 | 6 | 58.0 (8.37) | 4.98 (3.92–7.63) | 0.08 ± 1.17 | 204 (147–246) |
| ≥37 | 94 | 58.3 (8.25) | 5.22 (4.03–7.27) | 0.35 ± 1.01 | 194 (154–237) |
| Breastfeeding status at 6 mo | |||||
| Not fully breastfed | 71 | 58.2 (8.45) | 5.48 (4.12–7.85) | 0.30 ± 1.03 | 193 (155–239) |
| Fully breastfed | 29 | 58.6 (8.23) | 4.85 (3.78–6.08) | 0.41 ± 1.03 | 196 (151–232) |
| Parent/household characteristics | |||||
| Annual household income at enrollment | |||||
| ≤$70,000 | 37 | 57.5 (8.71) | 5.38 (4.06–7.99) | 0.44 ± 1.02 | 197 (164–243) |
| >$70,000 | 63 | 58.7 (84.6) | 5.18 (4.00–7.04) | 0.27 ± 1.03 | 192 (146–234) |
| Maternal prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | |||||
| <18.5 | 3 | 55.4 (9.06) | 4.16 (3.59–4.98) | −0.01 ± 1.00 | 194 (167–220) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 62 | 58.5 (8.28) | 4.91 (3.88–6.33) | 0.26 ± 1.05 | 194 (151–239) |
| 25.0–29.9 | 22 | 58.4 (8.61) | 5.79 (4.19–8.56) | 0.40 ± 0.96 | 191 (146–239) |
| ≥30 | 13 | 57.9 (9.21) | 7.29 (5.22–10.9) | 0.60 ± 0.97 | 203 (164–231) |
| Maternal education | |||||
| <4-y college degree | 29 | 57.0 (8.85) | 5.94 (4.15–8.74) | 0.35 ± 1.06 | 199 (162–244) |
| ≥4-y college degree | 71 | 58.8 (8.43) | 5.08 (3.97–6.89) | 0.33 ± 1.01 | 194 (150–236) |
| Maternal height, m | |||||
| ≤1.57 | 10 | 58.5 (9.37) | 5.71 (4.03–8.14) | −0.26 ± 1.06 | 192 (163–229) |
| >1.57–1.68 | 60 | 58.3 (8.15) | 5.17 (4.07–7.03) | 0.19 ± 0.96 | 192 (151–237) |
| >1.68 | 30 | 58.2 (8.55) | 5.23 (3.95–7.90) | 0.78 ± 0.96 | 199 (158–244) |
| Paternal height, m | |||||
| ≤1.68 | 9 | 56.9 (8.75) | 5.02 (4.12–7.61) | −0.14 ± 1.04 | 194 (167–241) |
| >1.68–1.78 | 40 | 58.3 (8.07) | 5.39 (3.97–7.76) | 0.11 ± 0.98 | 189 (149–232) |
| >1.78 | 51 | 58.5 (8.71) | 5.18 (4.06–6.91) | 0.60 ± 0.99 | 197 (156–239) |
1Total number of children included. n = 963 for analysis of early adolescence fat mass and height; n = 717 for analysis of early adolescence IGF-I. DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor I.
2Early childhood protein intake and height z score were normally distributed, and means ± SDs are reported here. Early adolescence DXA fat mass index and IGF-I had skewed distributions, and medians (IQRs) are reported here.