TABLE 2.
Associations of total protein intake in early childhood with adiposity, lean mass, and IGF-I in mid-childhood and early adolescence1
| Mid-childhood2 | Early adolescence3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median (IQR) | % difference (95% CI) per 10-g increase in early childhood protein intake4 | Median (IQR) | % difference (95% CI) per 10-g increase in early childhood protein intake4 | |
| SS + TR skinfolds, mm | ||||
| Boys | 15.0 (12.8–19.4) | 0.63 (−3.30, 4.71) | 21.0 (16.5–31.6) | 1.09 (−3.78, 6.21) |
| Girls | 18.2 (14.9–24.2) | 0.72 (−3.09, 4.69) | 26.1 (20.0–36.2) | 0.84 (−2.90, 4.71) |
| DXA total fat mass index, kg/m2 | ||||
| Boys | 3.41 (2.84–4.42) | 1.14 (−2.76, 5.19) | 4.58 (3.67–6.58) | 1.39 (−3.42, 6.44) |
| Girls | 4.31 (3.49–5.61) | 0.76 (−2.59, 4.23) | 5.75 (4.49–7.80) | 1.28 (−2.31, 5.01) |
| DXA lean mass index, kg/m2 | ||||
| Boys | 13.2 (12.4–14.0) | 1.13 (−0.02, 2.30) | 15.0 (13.8–16.3) | 1.34 (−0.07, 2.78) |
| Girls | 12.4 (11.7–13.3) | 0.18 (−0.94, 1.32) | 14.3 (13.2–15.6) | −0.06 (−1.47, 1.37) |
| IGF-I, ng/mL | ||||
| Boys | 224 (175–279) | −2.25 (−7.34, 3.13) | 175 (134–219) | 5.67 (0.30, 11.3) |
| Girls | 263 (212–326) | −0.43 (−5.30, 4.69) | 214 (180–252) | 0.69 (−3.21, 4.75) |
1Median age at early childhood: 3.2 y. Protein intake is adjusted for total energy intake and body weight at the time of diet assessment. SS + TR skinfolds, DXA total fat mass, DXA total lean mass, and IGF-I were log-transformed before analysis, and percentage difference (95% CI) was calculated as (eβ − 1) × 100. DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor I; SS, subscapular; TR, triceps.
2 n = 1054 for analyses of SS + TR skinfolds, DXA total fat mass, and DXA total lean mass; n = 659 for analyses of IGF-I.
3 n = 963 for analyses of SS + TR skinfolds, DXA total fat mass, and DXA total lean mass; n = 717 for analyses of IGF-I.
4From multivariable linear regression models adjusted for child race/ethnicity, age at diet assessment, age at measurement, household income, maternal education, breastfeeding status at 6 mo, and: 1) maternal and paternal BMI, birth weight for gestational age z score, fast food intake, and physical activity (SS + TR skinfolds and DXA fat mass index only); 2) fast food intake and physical activity (DXA lean mass index only); 3) maternal and paternal height and birth length (IGF-I only).