TABLE 3.
Associations of total protein intake in early childhood with changes in BMI, height, adiposity, lean mass, and IGF-I from mid-childhood to early adolescence1
| Δ from mid-childhood to early adolescence2 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | β (95% CI) per 10-g increase in early childhood protein intake3 | |
| BMI z score | ||
| Boys | −0.04 ± 0.63 | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.09) |
| Girls | −0.04 ± 0.62 | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.08) |
| Height z score | ||
| Boys | 0.14 ± 0.58 | 0.07 (−0.01, 0.14) |
| Girls | 0.09 ± 0.54 | 0.05 (−0.01, 0.11) |
| SS + TR skinfolds, mm | ||
| Boys | 8.41 ± 9.37 | −0.10 (−1.26, 1.07) |
| Girls | 8.04 ± 9.02 | −0.25 (−1.26, 0.75) |
| DXA total fat mass index, kg/m2 | ||
| Boys | 1.70 ± 1.85 | −0.11 (−0.35, 0.13) |
| Girls | 1.73 ± 1.81 | −0.02 (−0.22, 0.17) |
| DXA lean mass index, kg/m2 | ||
| Boys | 1.82 ± 1.46 | 0.06 (−0.11, 0.23) |
| Girls | 1.90 ± 1.33 | −0.06 (−0.21, 0.09) |
| IGF-I z score | ||
| Boys | −0.12 ± 1.15 | 0.17 (−0.02, 0.37) |
| Girls | 0.02 ± 1.29 | 0.12 (−0.08, 0.31) |
1Median age at early childhood: 3.2 y. Protein intake is adjusted for total energy intake and body weight at the time of diet assessment. DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor I; SS, subscapular; TR, triceps.
2 n = 854 for analyses of change in BMI z score, height z score, SS + TR skinfolds, DXA total fat mass, and DXA total lean mass; n = 475 for change in IGF-I z score.
3From multivariable linear regression models adjusted for child race/ethnicity, age at diet assessment, and age at measurement (except z score outcomes), household income, maternal education, breastfeeding status at 6 mo, and: 1) maternal and paternal BMI, birth weight for gestational age z score, fast food intake, and physical activity (BMI z score, SS + TR skinfolds, and DXA fat mass index only); 2) fast food intake and physical activity (DXA lean mass index only); 3) maternal and paternal height and birth length (height z score and IGF-I only).