Figure 4.

Phenotypic consequences of tRNA variation. tRNA variation can impact expression, aminoacylation, or processing and maturation of tRNAs, including nucleotide modification and tRNA folding. Alterations in the functional tRNA pool can impact mRNA translation by causing mistranslation, frame-shifting, ribosome stalling, or increased expression of codon-biased transcripts. These alterations can in turn alter the amino acid sequence, folding, and abundance of proteins across the entire proteome.