Table 1.
Comparison of characteristics of the study subjects.
| Variables | Control Group (n = 28) |
GDM Group (n = 26) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Characteristics | |||
| age, years | 29 (24–38) | 34.5 (32–41) | 0.0021 * |
| prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 20.3 (19.5–24.4) | 27.55 (24.53–29.8) | 0.000001 *** |
| gestational weight gain, kg | 15 (11.5–15.6) | 13.3 (9.2–15.0) | 0.018 * |
| gestational BMI gain, kg/m2 | 5.4 (3.0–5.6) | 5.508 (3.11–5.72) | NS |
| BMI at delivery, kg/m2 | 26.3 (24.2–29.1) | 32.3 (30.23–33.9) | 0.000007 *** |
| BMI after delivery, kg/m2 | 22 (21–23.9) | 28.8 (25.3–30.65) | 0.000003 *** |
| gestational age at delivery, weeks | 39.8 (38.8–40.6) | 39.2 (37.8–39.6) | NS |
| Maternal Serum | |||
| albumin, g/dL | 3.68 (3.43–3.73) | 3.46 (3.37–3.64) | 0.007 * |
| total cholesterol, mg/dL | 249 (188–287) | 209 (192.5–247.5) | NS |
| HDL, mg/dL | 78 (75–82) | 67.5 (54.5–73.5) | 0.001 * |
| LDL, mg/dL | 129 (93–152) | 107 (85.5–129) | NS |
| triglycerides, mg/dL | 177 (150–254) | 240.5 (170–261) | NS |
| HgbA1c, % | 5.3 (4.6–5.4) | 5.5 (5.2–5.6) | 0.018 * |
| FABP4, ng/mL | 10.99 (10.63–11.56) | 18.23 (13.32–24.29) | 0.00022 ** |
| ghrelin, ng/mL | 0.933 (0.646–1.115) | 0.4 (0.19–1.23) | NS |
| leptin, ng/mL | 10.43 (6.04–14.9) | 18.15 (10.84–51.91) | 0.005 * |
| Maternal Urine | |||
| FABP4, ng/mL | 0.04 (0.03–0.1) | 0.06 (0.02–0.34) | NS |
| ghrelin, ng/mL | 0.102 (0.096–0.288) | 0.21 (0.07–6.6) | NS |
| Umbilical Cord Serum | |||
| FABP4, ng/mL | 13.29 (10.79–17.56) | 30.83 (19.94–39.38) | 0.000001 *** |
| ghrelin, ng/mL | 0.195 (0.187–0.282) | 0.32 (0.18–0.71) | NS |
| leptin, ng/mL | 7.53 (4.9–14.01) | 12.13 (4.81–27.14) | NS |
| Neonatal Anthropometric Measurements | |||
| birth weight, g | 3400 (3170–3830) | 3225 (3005–3510) | NS |
| birth body length, cm | 55 (53–56) | 53 (52.5–55.5) | NS |
| head circumference, cm | 34 (33–35) | 34 (34–35) | NS |
| chest circumference, cm | 34 (34–35) | 34 (32.5–35) | NS |
The results are shown as the median (interquartile range 25%–75%). Statistically significant values are given in bold. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001; *** p < 0.0001. BMI—body mass index; GDM—gestational diabetes mellitus; HDL—high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HgbA1c—hemoglobin A1c; LDL—low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FABP4—fatty acid binding protein 4; NS—not statistically significant.