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(a) RUNX2 gene expression and (b) protein expression in hMSCs co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and patients’ sera before (pre) and after (post) three months of DOAC treatment. (c) SPARC, SPP1, and ALP expression and (d) Alizarin red staining in the same setting of cells to evaluate osteogenic maturation; neg [wo RUNX2 antobody; (b)] [undifferentiated hMSC; (d)]; pos (ascorbic acid treated-MG63 cells). Magnification in (b) 10 × and (d) 4×. * p < 0.05.
