Table 1.
Baseline demographics of enrolled heart failure (HF) patients.
| HIIT + MDP (n = 101) |
MDP (n = 101) |
p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HFrEF/HFpEF | 72/29 | 71/30 | 1.000 | |
| Age, years | 61.5 (58.7–64.2) | 62.8 (60.1–65.5) | 0.492 | |
| Sex (F/M) | 31/70 | 27/74 | 0.641 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.7 (24.7–26.6) | 25.2 (24.3–26.2) | 0.504 | |
| HF duration, month | 7.76 (4.50–11.0) | 11.3 (7.39–15.3) | 0.168 | |
| NYHA Functional Class, n (%) | ||||
| I | 2 (2) | 7 (7) | 0.109 | |
| II | 75 (74) | 78 (77) | ||
| III | 24 (24) | 16 (16) | ||
| Etiology, n (%) | ||||
| CAD | 47 (47) | 46 (46) | 1.000 | |
| DCM | 19 (19) | 21 (21) | 0.860 | |
| Hypertension | 56 (55) | 62 (61) | 0.475 | |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | ||||
| Hyperlipidemia | 50 (50) | 50 (50) | 1.000 | |
| DM | 42 (42) | 40 (40) | 0.886 | |
| Arrhythmia | 34 (34) | 33 (33) | 1.000 | |
| Resting BP, mmHg | SBP | 123 (119–128) | 127 (122–131) | 0.318 |
| DBP | 76 (73–79) | 77 (74–80) | 0.776 | |
| Resting HR, bpm | 77 (75–79) | 81 (78–84) | 0.040 b | |
| LVEF, % | 34.3 (31.3–37.2) | 37.0 (34.1–39.9) | 0.190 | |
| BNP, pg/mL a | 667 (508–801) | 635 (482–787) | 0.765 | |
| Medication, n (%) | ||||
| ACEI/ARB | 82 (81) | 83 (82) | 1.000 | |
| β-blocker | 80 (79) | 81 (80) | 1.000 | |
| Diuretics | 56 (55) | 63 (62) | 0.391 | |
| MRA | 20 (20) | 11 (11) | 0.117 | |
Baseline information was obtained at recruitment or before the intervention. Values are mean (95% confidence interval, CI) or n (%). ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; BNP: b-type natriuretic peptide; BP: blood pressure; bpm, beats per minute; CAD: coronary artery disease, DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DCM: dilated cardiomyopathy; DM: diabetes mellitus; F/M: female/male; F/U: follow-up; HFrEF: heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40%; HFpEF: heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction >40%; HIIT: high-intensity interval training; HR: heart rate; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MDP: multidisciplinary disease management program; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SBP: systolic blood pressure. a 79 subjects in exercise and 60 subjects in non-exercise groups received baseline BNP examinations. b Statistical significance was assessed by Student’s t-test.