Table 2.
Intervention Characteristics.
| Study (year) Oxford Rating * PEDro Rating | Intervention | Outcome Measure Timing | Duration (weeks) Frequency (times per week) | Aerobic Training (Duration and Intensity) | Resistance Training (Sets/Repetitions No. of Muscle Groups %1RM) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular Studies | |||||
| Alosco et al. (Feb 2015) [34] 2B PEDro 5 |
PF | Single assessment | Single time measurement | 2MST | N/A |
| Alosco et al. (April 2015) [48] 2B PEDro 5 |
PF | Pre- & post-intervention | 12 wk; with 1wk accelerometer | Accelerometer × 7 days | N/A |
| Alosco et al. (April 2014) [39] 1B PEDro 5 |
PF | Single assessment TCD measured at baseline and 12-months follow up |
1wk | Accelerometer × 7 days | N/A |
| Alosco et al. (Aug 2014) [53] 2B PEDro 5 |
AT | Pre- and post-intervention 12-months follow-up |
12 wk 3 × /wk |
CR; 60 min total Warm up, 40 min circuit training, cool down; Customized intensity + 30 min education |
N/A |
| Alosco et al. (2012) [40] 2B PEDro 5 |
PF | Single assessment | Single time measurement | 2MST | N/A |
| Baldasseroni et al. (2010) [42] 2B PEDro 5 |
PF | Single assessment | Single time measurement | 6MWT | N/A |
| Carles et al. (2007) [38] 2B PEDro 5 |
AT | Pre- and post-intervention | 2 wks 5 × /wk |
CR; 50 min total Warm up, aerobic exercise, cool down; 70–80% HRR |
N/A |
| Fulcher et al. (2014) [47] 3B PEDro 5 |
PF | Single assessment | 1 wk | Accelerometer × 7 days | N/A |
| Garcia et al. (2013) [54] 3B PEDro 5 |
PF | Single assessment | Single time measurement | GXT TM: elevation increase every min, speed increased every 3 min to increase workload by 15% | N/A |
| Gunstad et al. (2005) [52] 1B PEDro 5 |
AT | Pre- and post-intervention | 12 wks 3 × /wk +2 × /wk education |
CR; 75 min total Warm up, 15 min intervals, 45 min continuous exercise; Intensity not specified |
N/A |
| Stanek et al. (2011) [41] 2B PEDro 5 |
AT | Pre- and post-intervention | 12 wks 3 × /wk |
CR; 60 min total Warm up, 40 min circuit training, cool down; Customized intensity + 30 min education |
N/A |
| Tanne et al. (2005) [49] 1B PEDro 6 |
AT | Pre- and post-intervention | 18 wks 2 × /wk |
CR; 50 min total Warm up, aerobic exercise, cool down; 60–70% HRmax |
N/A |
| Cerebrovascular Studies | |||||
| Blanchet et al. (2016) [55] 1B PEDro 7 |
AT | Pre- and post-intervention 3-months follow up |
8 wks 2 × /wk |
30 min plus warm up and cool down; 60–70% HRR Increased 5–10% in last 4 weeks BORG 6–7 |
N/A |
| El-Tamawy et al. (2014) [43] 2B PEDro 6 |
AT | Pre- and post-intervention | 8 wks 3 × /wk |
75 min total 30 min PT session; stretching, balance, functional training; 45 min aerobic exercise; ‘Intensive’ intensity |
N/A |
| El-Tamawy et al. (2012) [44] 2B PEDro 6 |
AT | Pre- and post-intervention | 8 wks 3 × /wk |
75 min total 30 min PT session; stretching, balance, functional training; 45 min aerobic exercise; ‘Intensive’ intensity |
N/A |
| Fernandez-Gonzalo et al. (2016) [50] 1B PEDro 8 |
RT | Pre- and post-intervention | 12 wks 2 × /wk |
N/A | 4 sets of 7 maximal repetitions <2min contractile activity |
| Kluding et al. (2011) [56] 3B PEDro 5 |
CT | Pre- and post-intervention | 12 wks 3 × /wk |
30 min Warm up, aerobic exercise, cool down; 50% peak 02 uptakeRPE 11–14 +1 hr recreation |
Seated exercises Elastic resistance bands of varying resistance 1 set × 10 reps |
| Lui-Ambrose et al. (2015) [46] 1B PEDro 8 |
CT | Baseline and every 3 months with a 6-month follow-up | 9 months 2 × /wk |
60 min total Community-based training; +1 hr/wk recreational activities; Intensity not specified |
Not specified FAME protocol |
| Marzolini et al. (2013) [57] 2B PEDro 5 |
CT | Pre- and post-intervention | 6 months 5 × /wk +2 × /wk RT |
60 min total 40–70% HRR BORG 11–16 |
Task-specific exercises Unaffected limb: 50–60% 1RM Affected limb; >50% 1RM or RPE 13–14 10–15 repetitions |
| Quaney et al. (2009) [45] 1B PEDro 8 |
AT | Pre- and post-intervention 8-weeksfollow-up |
8 wks 3 × /wk |
45 min total Warm up and cool down; 70% HRmax |
N/A |
| Rand et al. (2010) [58] 3B PEDro 5 |
CT | Baseline, halfway, and post-intervention | 6 months 2 × /wk |
60 min total FAME protocol ‘moderate intensity’ +1 hr/wk recreation |
Not specified FAME protocol |
| Tang et al. (2016) [59] 1B PEDro 8 |
AT | 1 month pre- and post-intervention | 6 months 3 × /wk |
60 min Individualized exercise program; 40–80% HRR |
N/A |
* Oxford Rating; (March, 2011; http://www.cebm.net/explanation-2011-ocebm-levels-evidence/); PEDro Scale (1999; https://www.pedro.org.au/english/downloads/pedro-scale/); 1RM, 1 repetition maximum; 2MST, 2-minute step test; 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; AT, Aerobic training; wks, weeks; CR, cardiac rehabilitation; CT, combined aerobic and resistance training; FAME, Fitness and Mobility Exercise program protocol; GXT, graded exercise test; HRmax, Heart rate max; HRR, heart rate reserve; N/A, not applicable; PF, physical fitness; PT, physiotherapy; RPE, Rating of Perceived Exertion; RT, resistance training; TCD, Transcranial Doppler; TM, treadmill; 3 × /wk, 3 times per Week.