Table 2.

Overview of recent biomedical applications of magnetic manipulation studies.

Application	Force (pN)	Magnetic Flux Density (mT)	Field Gradient (T/m)	NP Diameter (nm)	Ref.
Notch and E-cadherin receptor activity manipulation	1-47	N.E. 1	N.E.	10-30	[67]
Stretching of chromatin for gene transcription upregulation	N.E.	~250	N.E.	4000	[68]
Activation of the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling	N.E.	25–120	N.E.	~300	[69]
Stimulation of filopodia formation and oriented cell division	100,000	25–100	2500–70,000	~150–500	[70]
Mechanical control of inner ear hair cells	0.1	N.E.	1000	20–120	[71]
Control deformations in wild-type Drosophila embryonic tissues	60	~200	120	~7.5	[72]
Modulation of cell endocytosis	1–100	1210	~10,000	60	[63]
Enhancement of nanoparticles internalization	~10	~7000	~6000	200	[66]
Control of Rac-GTPase signaling	~10–30	~200	1000–10,000	~500	[73]
Induction of apoptosis	20–40	9	N.E.	~1000	[74]

¹ N.E.–not estimated.