Table 1.
Associations of baseline characteristics, lifestyle, and dietary habits for those with FTO (rs9939609) and TCF7L2 (rs7903146) genotypes.
| FTO (rs1558902) | TCF7L2 (rs7903146) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Among All | TT | AT | AA | p | CC | CT | TT | p | |
| N = 308 | N = 85 | N = 165 | N = 58 | N = 134 | N = 130 | N = 43 | |||
| Characteristics and lifestyle factors | |||||||||
| Gender, Female | 193 (62.7) | 50 (58.8) | 103 (62.4) | 40 (69.0) | 0.47 | 86 (35.8) | 82 (63.1) | 25 (58.1) | 0.77 |
| Age (years) | 39.79 ± 14.00 | 38.46 ± 13.59 | 41.85 ± 14.23 | 35.89 ± 13.04 | 0.011 | 38.80 ± 13.66 | 40.61 ± 14.39 | 40.70 ± 14.02 | 0.53 |
| Crowding index | 1.55 ± 0.85 | 1.55 ± 0.89 | 1.56 ± 0.87 | 1.49 ± 0.74 | 0.86 | 1.54 ± 0.82 | 1.57 ± 0.83 | 1.52 ± 1.04 | 0.93 |
| Levels of physical activity | |||||||||
| Low | 137 (44.5) | 35 (41.2) | 72 (43.6) | 30 (51.7) | 0.71 | 51 (38.1) | 68 (52.3) | 18 (41.9) | 0.20 |
| Moderate | 99 (32.1) | 27 (31.8) | 55 (33.3) | 17 (29.3) | 50 (37.3) | 34 (26.2) | 14 (32.6) | ||
| High | 72 (23.4) | 23 (27.1) | 38 (23.0) | 11 (19.0) | 33 (24.6) | 28 (21.5) | 11 (25.6) | ||
| Physical activity | |||||||||
| None | 44 (14.3) | 14 (16.5) | 20 (12.1) | 10 (17.2) | 0.50 | 17 (12.7) | 18 (13.9) | 9 (20.9) | 0.40 |
| Any | 264 (85.7) | 71 (83.5) | 145 (87.9) | 48 (82.8) | 117 (87.3) | 112 (86.2) | 34 (79.1) | ||
| Cigarette smoker | |||||||||
| Never | 148 (48.1) | 43 (50.6) | 73 (44.2) | 32 (55.2) | 0.23 | 65 (48.5) | 59 (45.4) | 24 (55.8) | 0.71 |
| Current | 135 (43.8) | 32 (37.7) | 79 (47.9) | 24 (41.4) | 60 (44.8) | 58 (44.6) | 16 (37.2) | ||
| Past | 25 (8.1) | 10 (11.8) | 13 (7.9) | 2 (3.5) | 9 (6.7) | 13 (10.0) | 3 (7.0) | ||
| Narghileh smoker | |||||||||
| Never | 177 (57.5) | 43 (50.6) | 103 (62.4) | 31 (53.5) | 0.28 | 81 (60.5) | 75 (57.7) | 20 (46.5) | 0.62 |
| Current | 101 (32.8) | 32 (37.7) | 46 (27.9) | 23 (39.7) | 41 (30.6) | 42 (32.3) | 18 (41.9) | ||
| Past | 30 (9.7) | 10 (11.8) | 16 (9.7) | 4 (6.9) | 12 (9.0) | 13 (10.0) | 5 (11.6) | ||
| Alcohol drinker | |||||||||
| Never | 223 (72.4) | 60 (70.6) | 119 (72.1) | 44 (75.9) | 0.38 | 100 (74.6) | 99 (76.2) | 24 (55.8) | 0.08 |
| Current | 66 (21.4) | 20 (23.5) | 38 (23.0) | 8 (13.8) | 28 (20.9) | 22 (16.9) | 15 (34.8) | ||
| Past | 19 (6.2) | 5 (5.9) | 8 (4.9) | 6 (10.3) | 6 (4.5) | 9 (6.9) | 4 (9.3) | ||
| Body mass and composition | |||||||||
| Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m²) | 27.78 ± 5.62 | 28.49 ± 5.70 | 27.35 ± 5.44 | 27.96 ± 6.00 | 0.31 | 27.57 ± 5.65 | 27.79 ± 5.44 | 28.37 ± 6.20 | 0.72 |
| Body fat (kg) | 26.24 ± 11.42 | 27.48 ± 11.72 | 25.30 ± 11.09 | 27.12 ± 11.84 | 0.29 | 26.27 ± 11.73 | 26.15 ± 10.91 | 26.32 ± 12.30 | 0.99 |
| Muscle mass (kg) | 26.43 ± 6.37 | 27.41 ± 6.71 | 26.35 ± 6.19 | 25.21 ± 6.25 | 0.13 | 26.32 ± 6.14 | 26.17 ± 6.33 | 27.25 ± 7.09 | 0.62 |
| Energy and macronutrient intake | |||||||||
| Total energy (Kcal/day) | 3600.55 ± 2029.45 | 3737.20 ± 1973.73 | 3491.42 ± 2048.33 | 3710.71 ± 2072.60 | 0.60 | 3728.28 ± 2359.00 | 3467.58 ± 1782.08 | 3632.36 ± 1608.44 | 0.58 |
| Carbohydrates (g/day) | 441.61 ± 254.55 | 475.47 ± 271.82 | 427.01 ± 253.47 | 437.90 ± 230.63 | 0.41 | 468.61 ± 317.18 | 416.61 ± 195.45 | 435.43 ± 182.07 | 0.25 |
| Percent Kcal from carbohydrates (%) | 50.07 ± 8.54 | 51.24 ± 8.85 | 49.89 ± 7.79 | 48.85 ± 9.95 | 0.24 | 50.98 ± 8.62 | 49.27 ± 8.40 | 49.47 ± 8.63 | 0.24 |
| Proteins (g/day) | 116.26 ± 77.07 | 113.44 ± 61.23 | 113.44 ± 68.02 | 129.24 ± 113.76 | 0.36 | 115.59 ± 75.04 | 117.14 ± 84.40 | 116.65 ± 60.46 | 0.99 |
| Percent Kcal from proteins (%) | 12.95 ± 3.66 | 12.32 ± 2.72 | 13.15 ± 3.44 | 13.32 ± 5.13 | 0.16 | 12.61 ± 2.85 | 13.41 ± 4.58 | 12.70 ± 2.58 | 0.18 |
| Sugar (g/day) | 132.55 ± 117.60 | 146.90 ± 173.91 | 125.58 ± 91.12 | 131.37 ± 74.63 | 0.40 | 147.88 ± 156.56 | 120.28 ± 73.09 | 123.54 ± 75.09 | 0.14 |
| Percent Kcal from sugar (%) | 14.79 ± 6.47 | 14.82 ± 7.30 | 14.62 ± 5.88 | 15.22 ± 6.90 | 0.83 | 15.59 ± 7.08 | 14.37 ± 6.03 | 13.70 ± 5.65 | 0.15 |
| Total fat (g/day) | 150.12 ± 90.40 | 147.92 ± 76.68 | 147.09 ± 91.08 | 162.00 ± 106.31 | 0.54 | 151.61 ± 97.79 | 148.71 ± 86.89 | 151.30 ± 78.34 | 0.96 |
| Percent Kcal from total fat (%) | 39.00 ± 7.89 | 37.65 ± 7.52 | 39.30 ± 7.43 | 40.14 ± 9.43 | 0.14 | 38.39 ± 7.90 | 39.76 ± 7.61 | 38.75 ± 8.72 | 0.36 |
| Saturated fat (g/day) | 42.97 ± 29.24 | 42.62 ± 24.57 | 42.07 ± 30.95 | 46.04 ± 30.78 | 0.67 | 44.06 ± 33.05 | 42.34 ± 26.84 | 42.03 ± 23.65 | 0.87 |
| Percent Kcal from saturated fat (%) | 10.38 ± 2.76 | 10.17 ± 2.66 | 10.39 ± 2.80 | 10.65 ± 2.84 | 0.60 | 10.22 ± 2.65 | 10.65 ± 2.98 | 10.11 ± 2.40 | 0.34 |
| Monounsaturated fat (MUFA) (g/day) | 55.33 ± 34.48 | 54.70 ± 29.58 | 54.35 ± 34.55 | 59.04 ± 40.76 | 0.66 | 55.43 ± 35.99 | 54.73 ± 33.52 | 57.29 ± 33.46 | 0.92 |
| Percent kcal from MUFA (%) | 13.82 ± 4.03 | 13.37 ± 3.78 | 13.98 ± 4.06 | 14.02 ± 4.32 | 0.49 | 13.47 ± 3.85 | 14.07 ± 3.81 | 14.17 ± 5.14 | 0.40 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) (g/day) | 39.36 ± 25.06 | 38.07 ± 20.26 | 38.55 ± 24.34 | 43.52 ± 32.42 | 0.37 | 39.42 ± 24.49 | 39.36 ± 25.64 | 39.55 ± 25.80 | 1.00 |
| Percent kcal from PUFA (%) | 10.00 ± 3.76 | 9.40 ± 3.17 | 10.13 ± 3.78 | 10.54 ± 4.41 | 0.17 | 9.84 ± 3.60 | 10.18 ± 3.64 | 10.00 ± 4.63 | 0.77 |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 382.03 ± 373.27 | 398.50 ± 460.86 | 358.75 ± 295.23 | 424.11 ± 427.62 | 0.46 | 388.62 ± 403.55 | 382.10 ± 365.80 | 352.42 ± 295.41 | 0.86 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation of the mean (SD) or N (%). p values: chi-square, t-test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) as appropriate; p-values that are statistically significant are in bold.