Table 1.
Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of the study subjects.
| Variable | Men | Women | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normotension (N = 4515) |
Hypertension (N = 2991) |
Normotension (N = 5119) |
Hypertension (N = 3217) |
|
| Age (years) | 57.1 ± 13.1 | 63.8 ± 11.9 ## | 55.2 ± 13.2 ** | 64.4±11.5 ##* |
| Living area | ||||
| Rural | 2316 (51.3) | 1231 (41.2) ## | 2337 (45.7) ** | 1337 (41.6) ## |
| Urban | 2199 (48.7) | 1760 (58.8) ## | 2782 (54.3) ** | 1880 (58.4) ## |
| Education background | ||||
| Illiterate | 167 (3.7) | 134 (4.5) # | 465 (9.1) ** | 441 (13.7) ##** |
| Primary school | 3139 (69.7) | 2036 (68.3) # | 3514 (68.9) ** | 2366 (73.7) ##** |
| Secondary and vocational | 951 (21.1) | 677 (22.7) # | 799 (15.7) ** | 332 (10.3) ##** |
| University and higher | 248 (5.5) | 133 (4.5) # | 325 (6.3) ** | 71 (2.3) ##** |
| Current smoking w/12 mo. | 2040 (45.2) | 917 (30.7) ## | 221 (4.3) ** | 120 (3.7) ##** |
| Current regular smoking | 1794 (39.7) | 766 (25.6) ## | 169 (3.3) ** | 89 (2.8) ##** |
| Alcohol drinking w/12 mo. | 2507 (55.6) | 1437 (48.1) ## | 1263 (24.7) ** | 464 (14.4) ##** |
| Alcohol drinking level | ||||
| Abstainer | 2564 (56.8) | 1881 (63.0) ## | 4499 (88.0) ** | 2964 (92.2) ##** |
| Low risk | 1475 (32.7) | 752 (25.2) ## | 436 (8.5) ** | 136 (4.2) ##** |
| Moderate risk | 126 (2.8) | 89 (3.0) ## | 32 (0.6) ** | 21 (0.7) ##** |
| High risk | 119 (2.6) | 82 (2.7) ## | 20 (0.4) ** | 7 (0.2) ##** |
| Severe risk | 124 (2.7) | 88 (2.9) ## | 20 (0.4) ** | 16 (0.5) ##** |
| Drinking N/A amount | 105 (2.4) | 94 (3.2) ## | 107 (2.1) ** | 71 (2.2) ##** |
| Physical activity level | ||||
| Low level | 960 (21.5) | 756 (25.5) ## | 1153 (22.8) ** | 998 (31.5) ##** |
| Moderate level | 1136 (25.5) | 866 (29.3) ## | 1526 (30.1) ** | 1019 (32.1) ##** |
| High level | 2365 (53.0) | 1337 (45.2) ## | 2385 (47.1) ** | 1154 (36.4) ##** |
| Height (cm) | 162.9 ± 6.3 | 162.7 ± 6.2 | 152.4 ± 5.8 ** | 151.2 ± 5.8 ##** |
| Body Weight (kg) | 59.7 ± 11.5 | 64.0 ± 12.4 ## | 56.1 ± 11.5 ** | 58.7 ± 12.7 ##** |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.43 ± 3.74 | 24.11 ± 4.05 ## | 24.07 ± 4.42 ** | 25.57 ± 4.95 ##** |
| WC (cm) | 79.0 ± 10.5 | 84.9 ± 11.3 ## | 78.5 ± 10.7 * | 83.1 ± 11.6 ##** |
| HC (cm) | 89.5 ± 7.5 | 92.3 ± 8.0 ## | 93.4 ± 9.0 ** | 96.0 ± 10.3 ##** |
| SBP (mmHg) | 119.2 ± 11.5 | 148.2 ± 19.9 ## | 117.5 ± 12.0 ** | 145.7 ± 19.8 ##** |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.5 ± 8.4 | 86.5 ± 12.3 ## | 71.5 ± 8.4 ** | 81.8 ± 11.6 ##** |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 88.0 (81.0–97.0) | 94.0 (85.0–107.0) ## | 86.0 (80.0–95.0) ** | 93.0 (85.0–107.0) ## |
| TG (mg/dL) | 129.4 (93.0–185.2) | 142.6 (101.9–209.1) ## | 116.9 (85.1–165.7) ** | 147.1 (106.3–201.1) ## |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 43.2 (36.7–51.4) | 43.2 (36.7–51.0) | 47.9 (40.6–56.0) ** | 46.3 (39.2–54.1) ##** |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 127.7 (101.9–153.6) | 128.5 (102.8–157.0) ## | 137.3 (112.3–163.7) ** | 141.7 (112.9-172.8) ##** |
| WHR | 0.88 ± 0.07 | 0.92 ± 0.07 ## | 0.84 ± 0.07 ** | 0.86 ± 0.07 ##** |
| WHtR | 0.49 ± 0.06 | 0.52 ± 0.07 ## | 0.52 ± 0.07 ** | 0.55 ± 0.08 ##** |
| C-Index | 1.20 ± 0.08 | 1.24 ± 0.08 ## | 1.19 ± 0.09 ** | 1.23 ± 0.10 ##** |
| BAI | 25.08 ± 3.52 | 26.54 ± 3.74 ## | 31.69 ± 4.84 ** | 33.68 ± 5.46 ##** |
| LAP | 18.21 (7.35–38.28) | 31.03 (15.54–56.12) ## | 25.61 (13.80–44.26) ** | 39.74 (23.25–65.24) ##** |
| CMI | 1.44 (0.90–2.42) | 1.74 (1.05–2.93) ## | 1.25 (0.78–2.04) ** | 1.74 (1.11–2.73) ## |
| VAI | 1.60 (1.02–2.61) | 1.83 (1.14–3.05) ## | 1.91 (1.22–3.10) ** | 2.54 (1.65–3.93) ##** |
Value is expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) or numbers (percentage) as appropriate. The asterisk denotes significant differences between normotension and hypertension subjects within the same gender (# p < 0.05, ## p < 0.001) and differences between men and women in the same disease group (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001). Differences were compared by Independent T-test or Mann–Whitney U test or Chi-square test appropriately.