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Purported mechanism(s) of action through which prebiotics could manipulate gut microbiota as well as immune cells of T1D pathology. Akt: protein kinase B; DC: dendritic cell; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; GLP-2: glucagon-like peptide-2; IkkB: IκB kinase beta; IκBα: I kappa B kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells; SCFAs: short chain fatty acids; Th2: T-helper cell 2; Treg: T regulatory cell.
