Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants according to sex.
| Characteristics | Total n = 310 |
Men n = 89 |
Women n = 221 |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 76.0 ± 5.8 | 77.4 ± 5.7 | 75.4 ± 5.8 | 0.005 * |
| Living alone, n (%) | 110 (35.5) | 19 (21.3) | 91 (41.2) | 0.001 * |
| GDS-15 (>5), n (%) | 48 (15.5) | 14 (15.7) | 34 (15.4) | 0.939 |
| Nutritional status, n (%) | 0.163 | |||
| Malnutrition risk | 148 (47.7) | 35 (39.3) | 113 (51.1) | |
| Malnourished | 7 (2.3) | 2 (2.2) | 5 (2.3) | |
| Current comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Diabetes | 26 (8.4) | 9 (10.1) | 17 (7.7) | 0.487 |
| Hypertension | 79 (25.5) | 21 (23.6) | 58 (26.2) | 0.628 |
| Take >4 prescription drugs/day | 96 (31) | 32 (38.2) | 62 (28.1) | 0.080 |
| Smoking, n (%) | <0.001 * | |||
| Current | 22 (7.1) | 12 (13.5) | 10 (4.5) | |
| Former | 76 (24.5) | 48 (53.9) | 28 (12.7) | |
| Consumes alcohol, n (%) | 119 (38.4) | 47 (52.8) | 72 (32.6) | 0.001 * |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 2.9 | 23.3 ± 3.1 | 22.5 ± 2.8 | 0.018 * |
| TBW (L) | 28.7 ± 5.2 | 35.1 ± 4.1 | 26.2 ± 2.8 | <0.001 * |
| SMI (kg/m2) | 6.4 ± 0.9 | 7.4 ± 0.8 | 6.0 ± 0.6 | <0.001 * |
| Obesity, n (%) | 79 (25.5) | 25 (31.6) | 54 (68.4) | 0.503 |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 24.5 ± 7.2 | 32.0 ± 6.7 | 21.5 ± 4.9 | <0.001 * |
| Sarcopenia, n (%) | 25 (8.1) | 9 (10.1) | 16 (7.2) | 0.401 |
Results are presented as mean ± SD, or n (%). GDS: geriatric depression scale; BMI: body mass index; TBW: total body water; SMI: skeletal muscle index. *: p < 0.05.