Table 1.
Comparisons of basic characteristics and clinical variables between survivors and non-survivors after a 12-month follow-up.
| Survivor (n = 197) |
Non-Survivor (n = 72) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 72.1 ± 13.9 74.0 (75.0) |
80.9 ± 10.6 83.0 (55.0) |
<0.001 |
| Gender, female | 104 (52.8%) | 41 (56.9%) | 0.545 |
| Current smoker | 55 (27.9%) | 11 (15.3%) | 0.033 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.0 ± 5.3 23.4 (27.0) |
22.5 ± 4.6 22.1 (28.3) |
0.006 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 6.5 ± 2.5 | 8.8 ± 2.6 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Chronic lung disease | 44 (22.3%) | 13 (18.1%) | 0.447 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 80 (40.6%) | 35 (48.6%) | 0.240 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 70 (35.5%) | 47 (65.3%) | <0.001 |
| Cerebral vascular accident | 21 (10.7%) | 13 (18.1%) | 0.106 |
| Malignancy | 7 (3.6%) | 7 (9.7%) | 0.044 |
| Heart-specific comorbidity | 0.776 | ||
| Hypertension | 12 (6.1%) | 4 (5.6%) | |
| Ischemic heart disease | 90 (45.7%) | 36 (50.0%) | |
| Rheumatic heart disease | 4 (2.0%) | 2 (2.8%) | |
| Valvular heart disease | 74 (37.6%) | 27 (37.5%) | |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 17 (8.6%) | 3 (4.2%) | |
| Medication | |||
| ACEI/ARB | 119 (60.4%) | 27 (37.5%) | 0.001 |
| Beta-blocker | 82 (41.6%) | 14 (19.4%) | 0.001 |
| Ald. blocker | 62 (31.5%) | 12 (16.7%) | 0.016 |
| Loop-diuretic | 129 (65.5%) | 35 (48.6%) | 0.012 |
| Digoxin | 34 (17.3%) | 6 (8.3%) | 0.069 |
| Vital sign at initial hospitalization | |||
| Body temperature, °C | 36. 5 ± 0.8 36.3 (5.8) |
36.4 ± 0.8 36.3 (4.4) |
0.736 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 95.7 ± 23.4 95.0 (120.0) |
97.7 ± 24.8 98.3 (100.0) |
0.474 |
| Respiratory rate, breath per min | 22.9 ± 5.3 21.0 (39.0) |
22.9 ± 5.6 22.0 (30.0) |
0.843 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 138.9 ± 31.1 137.0 (172.0) |
138.5 ± 32.3 138.0 (148.0) |
0.592 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 82.9 ± 18.4 82.0 (111.0) |
76.5 ± 15.6 78.0 (76.0) |
0.187 |
| NYHA Fc | <0.001 | ||
| II | 53 (26.9%) | 15 (20.8%) | |
| III | 110 (55.8%) | 28 (38.9%) | |
| IV | 34 (17.3%) | 29 (40.3%) | |
| Laboratory tests at initial hospitalization | |||
| White blood cell, ×109/L | 9.9 ± 4.4 8.7 (24.8) |
10.6 ± 6.1 9.2 (36.3) |
0.762 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.9 ± 2.4 | 10.6 ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
| Neutrophil, % | 72.7 ± 12.07 73.8 (60.9) |
78.5 ± 13.7 80.3 (64.7) |
0.009 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 138.4 ± 5.6 139.0 (39.0) |
136.1 ± 6.6 137.0 (30.0) |
0.007 |
| Potassium, mEq/L | 4.0 ± 0.8 3.9 (5.1) |
4.2 ± 1.0 4.0 (4.5) |
0.374 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 57.8 ± 33.2 54.9 (169.9) |
44.9 ± 35.5 37.6 (216.0) |
0.002 |
| Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, U/> | 55.0 ± 119.9 29.0 (1349.0) |
35.7 ± 26.0 28.0 (126.0) |
0.603 |
| Sugar (non-fasting), mg/dL | 179.3 ± 114.7 146.0 (1005.0) |
174.3 ± 94.3 148.2 (678.0) |
0.819 |
| NT-proBNP, ng/L | 10,275.2 ± 11,591.6 5,977.0 (82,590.0) |
14,966.8 ± 12,724.6 10,116.5 (48,195.0) |
0.001 |
| White blood cell, ×109/L | 9.9 ± 4.4 8.7 (24.8) |
10.6 ± 6.1 9.2 (36.3) |
0.762 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.9 ± 2.4 | 10.6 ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
| Electrocardiogram-AF | 60 (30.5%) | 27 (37.5%) | 0.274 |
| LVEF, % | 48.2 ± 16.8 49.0 (78.0) |
50.8 ± 17.6 51.5 (73.0) |
0.391 |
| Types of HF | 0.494 | ||
| HFpEF (LVEF ≧50%) | 98 (49.7%) | 41(56.9%) | |
| HFmrEF (LVEF 40-49%) | 31 (15.7%) | 8 (11.1%) | |
| HFrEF (LVEF <40%) | 68 (34.5%) | 23 (31.9%) | |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 71 (36.0%) | 37 (51.4%) | 0.023 |
| Dilated left atrium | 118 (59.9%) | 36 (50%) | 0.146 |
| Dilated left ventricle | 78 (39.6%) | 22 (30.6%) | 0.174 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 59 (29.9%) | 21 (29.2%) | 0.901 |
| Infection during hospitalization | 87 (44.2%) | 51 (70.8%) | <0.001 |
| Outcomes | |||
| ICU admission | 95 (48.2%) | 44 (61.1%) | 0.061 |
| Length of ICU stay, days | 2.56 ± 4.58 | 5.08 ± 7.53 | 0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilator | 28 (14.2%) | 21 (29.2%) | 0.005 |
| Length of ventilator, days | 10.27 ± 10.33 | 9.29 ± 13.01 | 0.779 |
| Use of NIPPV | 14 (7.1%) | 14 (19.4%) | 0.003 |
| Length of NIPPV, days | 4.21 ± 4.21 | 4.86 ± 4.90 | 0.713 |
| Administration of vasopressor | 15 (7.6%) | 18 (25.0%) | <0.001 |
| Underwent CPR | 4 (2.0%) | 9 (12.5%) | <0.001 |
Note: Data are expressed as n (%), mean ± standard deviation or median (range). The independent t-test and chi-squared test were used to compare continuous and categorical variables, respectively, between survivors and non-survivors. Abbreviations: ACEI = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, AF = atrial fibrillation, Ald. blocker = aldosterone receptor blocker, ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker, CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, HF = heart failure, HFmrEF = HF with midrange ejection fraction, HFpEF = HF with preserved ejection fraction, HFrEF = HF with reduced ejection fraction, ICU = intensive care unit, LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction, NIPPV = noninvasive positive pressure ventilator, NYHA Fc = New York Heart Association Functional Classification, NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide.