Table 2.
The Effect of PHI on Different Health Outcome.
| Chronic disease (1 = no) |
Self-reported good health (1 = yes) |
Self-rated life satisfaction (1 = good) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment equation | Outcome equation | Treatment equation | Outcome equation | Treatment equation | Outcome equation | |
| PHI | 0.228***
(0.018) |
0.196***
(0.045) |
0.293***
(0.060) |
|||
| Age | ||||||
| 18-24 | −0.351***
(0.054) |
0.056***
(0.010) |
−0.211 (0.130) |
0.034 (0.021) |
−0.380***
(0.055) |
0.124***
(0.023) |
| 25-34 | −0.306***
(0.040) |
0.039***
(0.009) |
−0.520***
(0.102) |
0.002 (0.017) |
−0.310***
(0.042) |
0.008 (0.020) |
| 35-44 | −0.063 (0.040) |
0.041***
(0.008) |
−0.342***
(0.010) |
−0.033**
(0.016) |
−0.093**
(0.040) |
0.017 (0.019) |
| 45-54 | 0.121***
(0.039) |
0.021**
(0.010) |
−0.320***
(0.095) |
−0.063***
(0.017) |
0.121***
(0.039) |
−0.024 (0.018) |
| 55-64 | 0.235***
(0.046) |
−0.032**
(0.009) |
−0.225**
(0.103) |
−0.058***
(0.019) |
0.229***
(0.041) |
−0.017 (0.018) |
| Male | −0.050***
(0.016) |
0.001 (0.006) |
0.021 (0.037) |
0.008 (0.011) |
−0.060***
(0.016) |
0.028**
(0.012) |
| Married | 0.027 (0.036) |
0.009 (0.006) |
0.083 (0.068) |
−0.001 (0.012) |
0.014 (0.031) |
−0.011 (0.015) |
| Middle school | 0.013 (0.021) |
−0.019***
(0.007) |
0.045***
(0.005) |
0.003 (0.013) |
0.021 (0.024) |
0.042***
(0.015) |
| High school | 0.049***
(0.002) |
−0.023***
(0.008) |
0.012***
(0.003) |
0.019 (0.015) |
0.476***
(0.025) |
0.078***
(0.017) |
| College or more | 0.192***
(0.030) |
−0.011 (0.011) |
0.080***
(0.002) |
0.027 (0.023) |
0.239***
(0.031) |
0.155***
(0.022) |
| Occupation | 0.026***
(0.007) |
0.024***
(0.008) |
0.021**
(0.009) |
0.021 (0.017) |
0.034***
(0.008) |
0.040**
(0.017) |
| Urban resident | 0.027**
(0.005) |
−0.057***
(0.006) |
0.084***
(0.004) |
−0.106**
(0.012) |
0.010 (0.013) |
−0.022*
(0.013) |
| Cohabitants | −0.014***
(0.001) |
0.005**
(0.002) |
0.003 (0.006) |
0.001 (0.004) |
−0.014***
(0.004) |
−0.013***
(0.005) |
| Log (income) | 0.072***
(0.001) |
−0.007***
(0.002) |
0.078***
(0.019) |
0.007 (0.005) |
0.046***
(0.015) |
0.006 (0.005) |
| PHI duration | 0.017***
(0.004) |
— — |
0.011**
(0.004) |
— — |
0.004**
(0.002) |
— — |
| PHI subsidies | 0.026*
(0.011) |
— — |
0.020*
(0.009) |
— — |
0.012*
(0.005) |
— — |
| Smoke | — — |
−0.019**
(0.007) |
— — |
−0.024*
(0.014) |
— — |
−0.062***
(0.015) |
| Drink | — — |
−0.018**
(0.006) |
— — |
−0.014 (0.013) |
— — |
−0.006 (0.014) |
| Regional dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Wave dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Wald test | 309.44*** (P = .000) | 25.78*** (P = .000) | 18.03*** (P = .000) | |||
| Observations | 18 155 | 9889 | 12 925 | |||
Note. Clustered-robust standard errors are in parentheses. PHI = public health insurance.
*
P < .1. **P < .05. ***P < .01.