Table 4.
Studies evaluating the association between PPI use and chronic kidney disease.
| Authors | Paper | Type | Number of patients | Pooled studies | Results | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lazarus and colleagues32 | PPI use and risk of chronic kidney disease | Prospective, cohort study | 11,656 | NA |
AKI
HR 1.72 CI 1.28–2.3 p < 0.001 CKD HR 1.45 CI 1.11–1.9 p = 0.006 |
PPI use but not H2RA use was an independent risk factor for AKI and CKD |
| Klatte and colleagues36 | Association between proton pump inhibitor use and risk of progression of chronic kidney disease | Observational, cohort study | 114,883 | NA |
SCr Doubling
HR 1.26 CI 1.05–1.51 >30% Decline in GFR HR 1.26 CI 1.16–1.36 |
PPI use was associated with higher risk of CKD progression than H2RA use |
| Arora59 | Proton pump inhibitors are associated with increased risk of development of chronic kidney disease | Retrospective case-control study | 99,269 | NA |
CKD
HR 1.1 CI 1.05–1.16 p < 0.0001 Mortality HR 1.76 CI 1.68–1.84 p < 0.0001 |
PPI use is associated with increased odds of developing CKD and death |
| Xie and colleagues37 | Long-term kidney outcomes among users of proton pump inhibitors without intervening acute kidney injury | Retrospective, cohort study | 144,032 | NA |
CKD
HR 1.29 CI 1.22–1.36 |
Proton pump inhibitor use is associated with CKD in patients without prior AKI. |
| Xie and colleagues35 | Proton pump inhibitors and risk of incident CKD and progression to ESRD | Retrospective, cohort study | 193,591 | NA |
CKD
HR 1.28 CI 1.23–1.34 CKD prog/ESRD HR 1.47 CI 1.38–1.57 |
PPI exposure is associated with an increased risk of incident CKD, CKD progression, and ESRD. |
| Wijarnpreecha and colleagues33 | Associations of proton-pump inhibitors and H2 receptor antagonists with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis | Meta-Analysis | 536,902 | 5 |
CKD or ESRD
RR 1.33 CI 1.18–1.51 |
There is an increased risk of CKD and ESRD in patients using PPIs. |
AKI, acute kidney injury; CI, confidence interval; CKD, Chronic kidney disease; ESRD, End stage renal disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HR; Hazard ratio; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; RR, relative risk; Scr, Serum Creatinine.