Table 2.
Fixed-Effects and Random-Effects Variance Components for Multivariate Multilevel Models of Parent and Youth Externalizing and Internalizing Problems.a
| Parent (n = 10,802) | Youth (n = 4428) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Externalizing | Internalizing | Externalizing | Internalizing | |
| Fixed effects | ||||
| Intercept | 5.46 (0.48) * | 6.01 (0.54) *D | 7.26 (0.62) * | 12.94 (1.03) *D |
| Level 1: Children/youth | ||||
| Male | 1.56 (0.15) * | –0.05 (0.15) D | 0.43 (0.23) | –3.37 (0.38) *D |
| Age | –0.07 (0.02) * | 0.12 (0.02) *D | 0.21 (0.07) * | 0.26 (0.11) * |
| Level 2: HHLDs | ||||
| Years living in neighbourhood | –0.04 (0.01) * | –0.04 (0.01) * | –0.03 (0.02) | –0.05 (0.03) * |
| Highest education level | –0.06 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.06) D | –0.08 (0.07) | 0.10 (0.12) D |
| One or both parents born outside Canada | –0.95 (0.24) * | –0.77 (0.24) * | –0.80 (0.28) * | –0.95 (0.48) * |
| HHLDs below LIM | 0.86 (0.46) | 0.88 (0.48) | 0.07 (0.48) | –0.23 (0.74) |
| Exposure to antisocial behaviour | 1.17 (0.16) * | 0.84 (0.16) *D | 0.65 (0.19) * | 0.32 (0.28) D |
| Level 3: Neighbourhoods | ||||
| Small-medium urban or rural | 0.19 (0.28) | 0.12 (0.32) | 0.47 (0.41) | –0.02 (0.64) |
| Percentage of individuals born outside Canada | –0.19 (0.08) * | –0.27 (0.08) * | –0.11 (0.12) | –0.37 (0.18) * |
| Percentage of HHLDs below LIM | 0.35 (0.14) * | 0.34 (0.15) * | 0.29 (0.22) | 0.28 (0.33) |
| Levels of antisocial behaviour | –0.09 (0.43) | –0.31 (0.45) | –0.27 (0.55) | –0.02 (0.97) |
| Cross-level interactions | ||||
| HHLD poverty × neighbourhood poverty | –0.66 (0.21) * | –0.54 (0.20) * | –0.41 (0.24) | –0.24 (0.35) |
| HHLD poverty × neighbourhood antisocial behaviour | 2.09 (0.73) * | 1.32 (0.75) D | 1.78 (0.76) * | 1.82 (1.36) |
| Random effects | ||||
| Level 1: children/youth | 21.67 (1.22) * | 21.38 (1.13) * | 26.07 (0.88) * | 64.04 (1.92) *D |
| Level 2: households | 13.70 (1.23) * | 16.65 (1.30) *D | 3.16 (0.63) * | 7.57 (1.25) *D |
| Level 3: neighbourhoods | 1.96 (0.31) * | 2.38 (0.44) * | 3.46 (0.70) * | 9.34 (1.65) *D |
| AIC | 237,323.543 | 108,156.287 | ||
| Sample size adjusted BIC | 237,160.748 | 107,992.401 | ||
| Parent (n = 9759) | Youth (n = 3752) | |||
| Cross-level interactions (complete case analysis) | ||||
| HHLD poverty × neighbourhood poverty | –0.62 (0.22) * | –0.41 (0.21) * | –0.53 (0.28) | –0.05 (0.44) |
| HHLD poverty × neighbourhood antisocial behaviour | 2.82 (0.78) * | 1.75 (0.77) * | 2.33 (0.86) * | 1.71 (1.65) |
AIC, Akaike information criterion model fit statistic; BIC, Bayesian information criterion model fit statistic; HHLD, household; LIM, low-income measure.
aThe letter “D” identifies coefficients that differ in their associations with externalizing versus internalizing problems at P < 0.05.
*Significant at P < 0.05.