Table A1.
Effectiveness/complications of enteral nutrition
| Authors | Complication rate (%) | Effectiveness | Survival | Factors influencing survival |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alvarez‐Fernandez et al.97 | 77.6% during 1 year.Pressure sores: 43.3%.UTI: 32.8%.Pneumonia: 29.9%.Dehydration: 29.9%. | NA | NA |
Pneumonia Permanent NG Albumin < 3.4 g/dL |
| Cintra, 201498 | Pressure ulcers: 1.31 ± 1.55 CGvs. 2.74 ± 3.31 ENAspiration pneumonia: 58.1% vs. 25.0% | NA | NA |
Feeding route Dementia Number of pressure ulcers |
| Peck et al.85 | Aspiration pneumonia: 58% EN vs. 17% CGDecubitus ulcers: 21% EN vs. 14% CGRestraints: 71% EN vs. 56% CG | Increased weight 48% EN vs. 17% CG | NA | NA |
| Meier et al.92 | NA | NA | Median 175 days.No increased survival | NA |
| Mitchell et al.99 | NA | NA | No increased survival | NA |
| Kuo et al.100 | Tube replacement: 20% Hospitalization rate: 1.01% | NA | Median 56 days | NA |
| Teno et al.91 | NA | NA | No increased survival | Timing of PEG tube insertion not associated with improved survival |
| Teno et al.88 | Duplicate risk of new pressure ulcer | No improvement in healing of existing pressure ulcers | NA | NA |
| Nair et al.101 | Cellulitis 7%, GI bleeding > 5%, fever 21% within 72 h of PEG placement (common cause: aspiration pneumonia14%) | No improvement in PS by Karnofsky.No difference in weight, BMI, triceps skinfold thickness, midarm muscle circumference, serum cholesterol, or total lymphocyte count | NA |
Albumin > 2.8 g/dL Predictor of survival >6 months |
| Murphy and Lipman102 | 4.3% | NA | No increased survival (median 59 vs. 60 days) | NA |
| Kaw and Sekas84 | 34.7% | No improvement in functional and nutritional status | NA | Albumin ≥ 3.5 g/dL associated with improved survival |
| Ticinesi et al.103 | NA | NA | No increased survival | EN |
| Henderson et al.82 | NA | No improvement in nutritional status | NA | NA |
| Ciocon et al.83 | Aspiration pneumonia 43% in NG, 56% in PEG.Agitation and self‐extubation 67% in NG, 44% in PEG. | NA | NA | NA |
| Callahan et al.90 | NA | No improvement in functional, nutritional, or subjective health status | NA | NA |
| Arinzon et al.104 | 61% EN vs. 34% CG higher Norton scale in EN | Improvements in laboratory data (haemoglobin, lymphocyte count, serum proteins, renal function). No improvement in cognitive and functional status. | NA | NA |
| Jaul et al.105 | NA | No improvement in nutritional status or on healing pre‐existing pressure ulcers | Significantly higher in EN group | NA |
| Rudberg et al.106 | NA | NA | Survival at 1 year: 39% CG vs. 50% EN | Feeding tubes associated with a reduced risk of death |
| Takenoshita et al.94 | Decreased pneumonia and antibiotic use | NA | EN group significantly longer survival (23 vs. 2 months) | Feeding tubes associated with a reduced risk of death |
| Takayama et al.95 | NA | NA | EN group significantly longer survival (711 vs. 61 days) | Feeding tube and female gender associated with a reduced risk of death |
BMI, body mass index; CG, control group in oral nutrition; EN, enteral nutrition by a feeding tube; GI, gastrointestinal bleeding; NA: not available; NG, nasogastric tube; PEG, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy; PS, performance status; UTI, urinary tract infection.