Table 3.

SOX9 roles in CRC as oncogene and tumor suppressor.

Model	Status of SOX9	Effects	References
353 tumors samples of CRC	SOX9 mutated and WT are overexpressed	Truncating SOX9 mutations are associated with SOX9 overexpression, KRAS mutation, and TP53 wild type	[49, 50]
DLD-1 cell line of CRC	Loss of SOX9 transcriptional activity by L142P mutation	Restoration of wild type SOX9 expression inhibits cell growth, clonal capacity and colonosphere formation; besides, the expression of the c-MYC and the activity of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway are affected	[6]
17 tumors samples of CRC	High levels of SOX9 and MiniSOX9	Overexpression of MiniSOx9 is found in CCR tissues whereas SOX9 is also expressed in normal and adjacent tissues	[51]
188 tumors samples of CRC from Chinese population	Overexpressed	Does not show significant correlation between SOX9 and β-catenin	[31]
144 primary tumors from patients diagnosed in stage II CRC	Downregulated	Low levels of SOX9 have been shown as an independent predictor of relapse in stage II colon cancer patients	[32]
45 tumors samples of CRC from African Americans population	Hypermethylated	SOX9, GATA6, TET1, GLIS1, and FAT1 are differentially hypermethylated in APC-negative CRC	[33]
CaCo2, SW480, HCT116 and HT29 cell lines of CRC	Overexpressed	The synthetic PPARγ ligand rosiglitazone induces changes of SOX9 and β-catenin expression and subcellular localization	[52]
HT29 and HCT116 cell lines of CRC	Cofactor of NF-Y	SOX9 is necessary for the function of NF-Y in activating expression of cyclin B1, cyclin B2, cyclin dependent kinase 1 and topoisomerase II α	[53]
HCT116, SW480, SW620, DLD-1 cell lines of CRC	Overexpressed	Sox9 promotes proliferation through FOXK2	[54]
HCT116 cell line of CRC	Overexpressed	Sox9 promotes invasiveness and metastasis in CRC through S100P	[55]
CCD 841 CoN, DLD-1, HCT-116, and HT-29 cell lines of CRC under hypoxia	Overexpressed	Sox9 upregulates the expression of USP47 promoting EMT under hypoxia	[56]
SW620 and SW480 cell lines of CRC	Overexpressed	SOX9 mediates the acquisition and maintenance of CR-CSCs	[57]