Table 1.
Characteristics of participants (n = 17,272) and studies (n = 63) included in meta-analyses
| Value | ||
|---|---|---|
| Baseline participant-level characteristics* | ||
| Age, years | 49.7 (7.9) | |
| Male | 28.8% | |
| White/European | 60.8% | |
| Pacific Islander/Indigenous | 29.7% | |
| Asian | 10.6% | |
| Weight, kg | 85.0 (11.0) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31.3 (4.2) | |
| FBG, mmol/L | 5.7 (0.6) | |
| 2-h PPG, mmol/L | 6.4 (1.7) | |
| A1C, % | 5.6 (0.5) | |
| A1C, mmol/mol |
37.7 |
|
| Study-level characteristics | ||
| Country of study | ||
| U.S. | 41 (65) | |
| U.K. | 5 (8) | |
| Australia | 4 (6) | |
| New Zealand | 3 (5) | |
| The Netherlands | 2 (3) | |
| Finland | 2 (3) | |
| Canada, Greece, Israel, Japan, Spain, and Norway (one each) | 6 (10) | |
| Design | ||
| Pre/post single group study | 25 (40) | |
| Nonrandomized controlled study | 16 (25) | |
| Randomized controlled study | 22 (35) | |
| Intervention strategy† | ||
| Group diabetes education from community member | 28 (44) | |
| Group diabetes education from health care professional | 31 (49) | |
| Individual counseling from health care professional | 4 (6) | |
| Education/counseling delivered using technology‡ | 8 (13) | |
| Delivery Setting† | ||
| Remote delivery | 8 (13) | |
| Community setting | 39 (62) | |
| Clinical setting | 25 (40) | |
| Provider Type† | ||
| Lay community member | 28 (44) | |
| Health care professional | 33 (52) | |
| Technology assisted | 7 (11) | |
Data are mean or mean (SD) for participant-level characteristics, unless otherwise noted, and n (%) for study-level characteristics. Individual study characteristics are presented in Supplementary Table 1.
*Baseline participant-level characteristics are weighted averages by the number of participants in each study.
†Some studies used more than one of these strategies/setting/provider, which makes the study count go over 63.
‡Technologies used to provide group/individual education or counseling include interactive voice response calls, video conference, internet, cable television, and DVDs.