Armanian 2014.

Methods	Study design: single‐center RCT Setting: tertiary NICU Duration: March 2013 to January 2014
Participants	Infants with birth weight ≤ 1500 grams and/or gestational age ≤ 34 weeks with respiratory distress, including x‐ray diagnosis. Infants with major congenital anomalies, asphyxia, cyanotic heart defects, cardiovascular instability, and orofacial anomalies were excluded.
Interventions	NIPPV was provided by a ventilator (exact ventilator not specified) and short binasal prongs. Settings: rate 40‐50, PIP 16‐20 cmH2O, PEEP 5‐6 cmH2O; nonsynchronized CPAP was provided via bubble CPAP, 5‐6 cmH2O.
Outcomes	Primary outcomes: need for intubation due to respiratory failure (defined) within 48 hours of life, duration of noninvasive respiratory support Secondary outcomes: need for INSURE, oxygen days, chronic lung disease, length of hospital stay, air leaks
Notes	IRCT2014021410026N4; quasi‐randomized trial
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	High risk	Assigned by "file" number
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	High risk
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Intervention cannot be blinded. All outcomes with the exception of long‐term follow‐up would be potentially biased.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	3/98 lost to follow‐up
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Stated secondary outcome of need for INSURE surfactant treatment; chronic lung disease not reported