Meneses 2011.

Methods	Study design: randomized controlled prospective clinical trial Setting: single‐center study in Brazil Duration of study: 2007‐2009
Participants	Inclusion criteria: infants from 26‐33 and 6/7 weeks' gestational age with clinical evidence of RDS Exclusion criteria: infants with major congenital anomalies, cardiovascular instability, intubation at admission to NICU, refusal of consent, or unavailability of ventilator Number randomized: 200 infants total (100 males, 100 females)
Interventions	Interventions were performed with the continuous‐flow neonatal ventilator and Bubble CPAP systems (InterMed Inc, São Paulo, Brazil) via binasal prongs. NCPAP (n = 100) was administered at 5‐6 cmH2O, and NIPPV (n = 100) was administered at PEEP 4‐6 cmH2O and PIP 15‐20 cmH2O with initial flow rate of 8‐10 L/min and rate of 20‐30 breaths/min. NIPPV was nonsynchronized.
Outcomes	Primary outcome: need for intubation in the first 72 hours of life Secondary outcomes: total duration of ETT ventilation, total duration on NCPAP, total duration on supplemental oxygen, pneumothorax, BPD, PDA, necrotizing enterocolitis, IVH (grade III/IV), ROP (≥ stage 3), time to full feeds, length of hospital stay
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Random number computer‐generated protocol
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Sequentially numbered sealed opaque envelopes containing intervention assignments
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Blinding was impossible owing to the nature of the interventions.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Study authors reported no incomplete outcome data.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Primary and secondary outcomes originally listed on ClinicalTrials.gov were the same as those reported in the published study.
Other bias	Unclear risk	Unclear from information provided