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. 2016 Feb 18;2016(2):CD007874. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007874.pub2

El‐Radaideh 2007.

Methods Double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Participants Age (years, mean ± SD): Group P = 47.9 ± 13.8, Group L = 48.7 ± 13.7, Group LF = 46.0 ± 14.2, Group R = 44.5 ± 13.4
Gender (M:F): Group P = 23:27, Group L = 21:29, Group LF = 18:32, Group R = 24:26
Inclusion criteria: age 21 years to 73 years old, ASA I‐III, elective gynaecological, urological or general surgical procedures
Exclusion criteria: refusal of consent, heart failure, renal failure and liver dysfunction. Patients taking sedatives,
 analgesics, central nervous system (CNS) depressants or anti‐seizure medication, or with a history of intolerance or
 adverse reactions to the medications used in the study
Recruitment: 200 adult patients randomly assigned (50 in each group)
Setting: Jordan
Interventions Pretreatment with venous occlusion
A total of 200 patients (50 patients each group) were randomized by a sealed envelope system to be pretreated with either
4 ml lidocaine 1% (40 mg) (Group L)
2 ml lidocaine 2% (40 mg) mixed with 2 ml fentanyl (100 mcg) (Group LF)
4 ml IV paracetamol 40 mg (Group R)
4 ml isotonic sodium chloride solution as placebo (Group P)
followed by propofol 2.5 mg/kg after 60 seconds of venous occlusion.
Outcomes Pain intensity assessed on 2‐point scale
0 = no pain
1 = any pain
Outcomes reported and used
  1. Incidence of pain


Outcomes sought but not reported
  1. Incidence of high‐intensity pain

  2. Adverse effects

  3. Patient satisfaction

Notes Period of the study: dates not reported.
Risk of bias
Bias Authors' judgement Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias) Unclear risk N/A
Allocation concealment (selection bias) Low risk "A total of 200 patients (50 patients each group) were randomized by a sealed envelope system."
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) 
 All outcomes Unclear risk N/A
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) 
 All outcomes Low risk "The anaesthesiologist, who was blind to the content of the study syringe, assessed the pain on injection associated with propofol."
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) 
 All outcomes Low risk No withdrawals
Selective reporting (reporting bias) Unclear risk N/A
Other bias Low risk The study appears to be free of other sources of bias.