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. 2016 Feb 18;2016(2):CD007874. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007874.pub2

Eriksson 1997.

Methods Double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Participants Age (years, mean (range)): 43 (18 to 72)
Gender (M:F): 18:26
Inclusion criteria: ASA I‐II, undergoing elective ENT surgery
Exclusion criteria: N/A
Recruitment: 44 adults
Setting: Sweden
Interventions Admixture
All patients were premedicated with ketobemidon 2.5 mg to 5 mg and atropine 0.5 mg or glycopyrronium 0.2 mg IM, 30 minutes before induction. A 20‐gauge IV cannula was inserted into dorsal vein of each hand and 1% propofol (Diprivan) 10 ml at room temperature was randomly premixed with 1 ml of one of these
Group 1: 1% lidocaine (10 mg) (n= 25)
Group 2: Sterile hydrochloric acid 0.064 mole/litre (n = 24)
Group 3: Saline (n = 22)
Patients were requested to name which of two propofol injections, one in each hand, at its maximum caused most discomfort and in addition to grade the pain. All mixtures were prepared immediately before injection.
Outcomes Pain intensity assessed on 11‐point scale
0 = no pain
1 = hardly recognizable
10 = extreme pain
Outcomes sought but not reported

  1. Incidence of high‐intensity pain

  2. Incidence of pain

  3. Adverse effects

  4. Patient satisfaction


Outcomes reported but not used

  1. Mean and standard deviation of pain intensity (Group 1: 0.32 ± 0.75, Group 2: 0.88 ± 1.30, Group 3: 2.18 ± 2.06)
Notes Period of the study: dates not reported.
This study was not included in meta‐analysis.
Risk of bias
Bias Authors' judgement Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias) Unclear risk N/A
Allocation concealment (selection bias) Unclear risk N/A
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) 
 All outcomes Low risk "all injections were made in a double‐blind manner."
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) 
 All outcomes Unclear risk N/A
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) 
 All outcomes Unclear risk Total injections in this study were 88 injections (44 participants were injected both hands) but the study reported only 71 injections. No missing data were reported.
Selective reporting (reporting bias) Unclear risk N/A
Other bias Low risk The study appears to be free of other sources of bias