Kim 2014a.

Methods	Double‐bind, randomized controlled trial
Participants	Age 20 years to 60 years, ASA I‐II, elective surgery Exclusion criteria: participants with a history of neurological problems or allergies and those who had taken medications including sedatives and analgesics within 24 hours of surgery, participants with a body weight of < 55 kg Recruitment: 69 participants were randomly assigned (68 participants were analysed) Setting: Korea
Interventions	Pretreatment with venous occlusion Group L40: 40 mg lidocaine (n = 22) Group L60: 60 mg lidocaine (n = 23) Group L80: 80 mg lidocaine (n = 23) The tourniquet was released after 1 min and microemulsion propofol was administered through the same venous cannula to achieve a target effect‐site concentration of 5.2 mg/ml at a maximum flow rate of 750 ml/h, which represented a bolus of 120 mg over 60 sec for a 66 kg participant (the mean weight of the study participants) approximating to an infusion rate of 2 mg/kg per min. A placebo group was not included for ethical reasons. To preserve blinding, normal saline (0.9%) was added to give a total volume of study medication of 4 ml in groups L40 and L60.
Outcomes	Pain intensity assessed on 4‐point scale 0 = no pain 1 = mild pain 2 = moderate pain 3 = severe pain Other outcomes: pain incidence, adverse effects
Notes	There was no control group