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. 2016 Dec 20;2016(12):CD009840. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009840.pub2

2. Overview of study populations.

  Intervention(s) and comparator(s) Screened/eligible
 (N) Randomised
 (N) ITT
 (N) Finishing trial
 (N) Randomised finishing trial
 (%) Follow‐up
Barton 2000a2 
 (modification of meal profile or pattern) I1: reduced portion size, fortified menu ‐ 13 ‐ b 70c 56 days
I2: cooked breakfast (8 not randomised)
C: normal hospital diet with usual portion size 14
total: 27a   ‐ ‐
Beck 2002a1 
 (additional supplementation of meals) I1: homemade oral supplement (A) ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 2 months
I2: homemade oral supplement (B)
C: usual diet
total: 36   ‐ ‐
Bouillane 2013a1 
 (modification of meal profile or pattern) I: 78% protein at lunch ‐ 30 ‐ 30 88 6 weeks
C: usual diet (protein distributed between meals) 36 23 79
total: 66   63 96
Bourdel‐Marchasson 2000a3 
 (additional supplementation of meals) I: 2 oral nutritional supplements   295 ‐ ‐ ‐ 15 days or until hospital discharge
C: usual care 377
total: 672   ‐ ‐
Brouillette1991a1 
 (changes to the feeding environment) I: osmotherapy + activities ‐ 10 ‐ 9 90 4 weeks
C: activities only 10 7 70
total: 20   16 80
Castellanos 2009a2 
 (modification of meal profile or pattern) I1: fortified breakfast and lunch menu   39   d e 2 days of the study
I2: fortified lunch menu 39
C: usual menu 39
total: 39a   33 85
Chang 2005a3 
 (changes to the organisation of nutritional care) I: training in feeding skills ‐ 31 ‐ 12 60 Quote: "Data collection was from February 2004 to May 2004"
Comment: implies 4 months of data collection, following training but not clearly stated
C: no training 36 8 50
total: 67   20f 56
Dennis 2005a1 
 (additional supplementation of meals) I: oral nutritional supplement + normal diet   2016 ‐ ‐ ‐ 6 months
C: normal hospital diet 2007
total: 4023   ‐ ‐
Duncan 2006a1 
 (changes to the organisation of nutritional care) I: dietetic assistant 363 153 ‐ 145 95 4 months
C: usual care 165 157 95
total: 318   302 95
Essed 2007a4 
 (modification of meal profile or pattern) I1: monosodium glutamate ‐ ‐ ‐ 19 N/A 16 weeks
I2: flavour 19
I3: monosodium glutamate + flavour 22
C: maltodextrin (placebo) 23
total: 97   83 86
Essed 2009a2 
 (modification of meal profile or pattern) I: monosodium glutamate + NaCl ‐ 59 ‐ 53 90 4 weeks
C: usual hot meal 59 53 90
total: 59a   53 90
Faxen‐Irving 2011a1 
 (additional supplementation of meals) I: 30 mL of fat emulsion 3 x per day 107 34 ‐ 24 71 Median 8 days
C: usual care 37 27 73
total: 71   51 72
Gaskill 2009a3 
 (changes to the organisation of nutritional care) I: nutrition education programme 377 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 6 months
C: usual care
total: 352   ‐ ‐
Germain 2006a1 
 (modification of meal profile or pattern) I: re‐formed foods 93 8 ‐ 7 88 12 weeks
C: usual diet 9 8 89
total: 17   15 88
Hankey 1993a1 
 (additional supplementation of meals) I: supplemented with nutritionally complete drink
 in addition to normal hospital diet ‐ 10 ‐ 7 70 8 weeks
C: standard hospital food 10 7 70
total: 20   14 70
Hickson 2004a1 
 (changes to the organisation of nutritional care) I: feeding assistance 1776 292 292 250 86 Duration of hospital stay
C: usual care 300 300 259 86
total: 592 592 509 86
Holyday 2012a1 
 (changes to the organisation of nutritional care) I: malnutrition care plan ‐ 71 71 71 100 Duration of hospital stay
C: usual care 72 72 72 100
total: 143 143 143 100
Johansen 2004a1 
 (changes to the organisation of nutritional care) I: nutrition team 7468 ‐ ‐ 108 N/A Duration of hospital stay
C: usual care 104
total: 215   212 99
Kraft 2012a1 
 (changes to the organisation of nutritional care) I: oral nutritional supplement + telemedicine monitoring 87/50 13 5 1 8 6 months
C: usual care 13 9 4 31
total: 26 14 5 19
Kretser 2003a1 
 (congregate and home meal delivery systems) I: modified meals on wheels 324 102 ‐ ‐ ‐ 26 weeks
C: traditional meals on wheels 101
total: 203   60 30
Larsson 1990a1 
 (additional supplementation of meals) I: oral nutritional supplement + normal hospital diet ‐ 197 ‐ ‐ ‐ 26 weeks
C: normal hospital diet 238
total: 435   ‐ ‐
Leslie 2012a3 
 (modification of meal profile or pattern) I: energy enriched usual meals 445 22   16 73 12 weeks
C: usual care 19   16 84
total: 41      
Lin 2010a3 
 (changes to the organisation of nutritional care) I1: spaced‐retrievalg ‐ 32 ‐ ‐ ‐ 8 weeks
I2: Montessorih 29
C: usual care 24
total: 85   82 97
Lin 2011a2, a3 
 (changes to the organisation of nutritional care) I: Montessori   ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 8 weeks
C: usual care
total: 29a   29 100
Mathey 2001aa3 
 (changes to the feeding environment) I: improved meal ambiance 60 21 ‐ 12 57 12 months
C: usual care 17 10 59
total: 38   22 58
Mathey 2001ba1 
 (changes to the feeding environment) I: flavour enhancement ‐ ‐ ‐ 31 N/A 16 weeks
C: usual care 36
total: 71   67 94
Munk 2014a1 
 (modification of meal profile or pattern) I: energy and protein enriched foods provided via a la carte menu in addition to hospital food   44   41 96 Duration of hospital stay
C: usual care   40   40  
total: 84      
Nijs 2006a3 
 (changes to the feeding environment) I: family‐style meals 282 133 ‐ 95 71 6 months
C: usual care 112 83 74
total: 245   178 73
Olofsson 2007a1 
 (changes to the organisation of nutritional care) I: multi‐component intervention (including nutrition) 353 102 ‐ 83 81 4 months
C: usual care 97 74 76
total: 199   157 79
Pivi 2011a1 
 (changes to the organisation of nutritional care) I1: nutrition education ‐ ‐ ‐ 25 N/A 6 months
I2: oral nutritional supplements 26
C: usual care 27
total: 90   78 87
Potter 2001a1 
 (additional supplementation of meals) I: oral nutritional supplement + normal hospital diet 618 186 ‐ 186 100 Duration of hospital stay
C: normal hospital diet 195 195 100
total: 381   381 100
Remsburg 2001a1 
 (changes to the feeding environment) I: buffet‐style meals 62 20 ‐ 20 100 3 months
C: usual care 20 19 95
total: 40   39 98
Salva 2011a3 
 (changes to the organisation of nutritional care) I: teaching and training ‐ 448 448 300 67 12 months
C: usual care 498 498 368 74
total: 946 946 668 71
Silver 2008a2 
 (modification of meal profile or pattern) I: fortified home‐delivered lunch ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 7 months
C: usual home‐delivered lunch
total: 52   45 87
Simmons 2008a2, a3 
 (additional supplementation of meals) I: feeding assistance and/or snacks 173 30 ‐ 28 88 24 weeks
C: usual diet 34 32 94
total: 64a ‐ 60 94
Simmons 2010a1 
 (additional supplementation of meals) I1: snacks 280 ‐ ‐ 25 N/A 6 weeks
I2: additional supplementation of meals 18
C: usual care 20
total: 86   63 73
Smolliner 2008a3 
 (modification of meal profile or pattern) I: fortified meals and snacks 295/92 ‐ ‐ 22 N/A 12 weeks
C: usual diet 30
total: 65   52 80
Splett 2003a3 
 (changes to the organisation of nutritional care) I: medical nutrition therapy 394 223 ‐ 200 90 19‐180 days
C: usual care 171 164 96
total: 394   364 92
Taylor 2006a2 
 (modification of meal profile or pattern) I: 5‐meal menu 66 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 2 periods of 4 days
C: usual (3‐meal menu)
total: 31a   31 100
Van den Berg 2015a1 
 (additional supplementation of meals I1: offered 125 mL ONS daily with medication rounds 885 88   75 85 Maximum period 30 days
I2: offered 62 mL ONS daily with medication rounds 66   51 77
C: offered 125 mL ONS twice daily in between meals 80   66 83
total: 234      
Van Ort 1995a1 
 (changes to the feeding environment) I: contextual and behavioural intervention 8 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 1 month to 6 weeks
C: usual care
total: 8   7 88
Grand total All interventionsj  
All controlsj
All interventions and controls   10,681

a1Parallel RCT; a2cross‐over RCT; a3cluster RCT; a4 factorial RCT
 bData presented on 19 participants who had at least 3 days on each menu
 cOf those randomised to normal or fortified menu, not stated for those receiving cooked breakfast
 dData analysed for 26 participants with complete data
 eData were reported on 67% of those who consented
 fData on knowledge and attitude of staff to nutrition available on all 67 staff. Data on actual practice at mealtimes from observation available on 20 staff
 gMethod to enhance learning, retention and recall of information
 hMethod capable of stopping or reducing residents' problem behaviours
 iAssmumed 30 per group, two groups included in this review
 jNo details because of substantial number of trials not providing data

C: comparator; I: intervention; ITT: intention‐to‐treat