Table 1.

Effects of dietary tryptophan supplementation on the behavioral and endocrine stress response in teleost fishes.

Species	Dose (x std feed)	Treatment (days)	Behavior	Plasma cortisol		Stressor		References
				Baseline	Stress	Type	Post Trp terat. (days)
Oncorhuncus mykiss	2	7	N. i.	–	–	Confinement 2 h	1	(10)
	4	7	N. i.	↑	↓	Confinement 2 h	1
	8	7	N. i.	↑	↓	Confinement 2 h	1
Oncorhuncus mykiss	8	3	N. i.	↑	-	Confinement 2 h	1	(52)
	8	7	N. i.	–	↓	Confinement 2 h	1
	8	28	N. i.	–	–	Confinement 2 h	1
Gadus morhua	2	7	N. i.	–	–	Confinement (0.5 h)	1	(4)
	2	7	N. i.	–	–	Confinement (0.5 h)	2
	2	7	N. i.	–	–	Confinement (0.5 h)	4
	3	7	N. i.	–	–	Confinement (0.5 h)	1
	3	7	N. i.	–	–	Confinement (0.5 h)	2
	3	7	N. i.	–	–	Confinement (0.5 h)	4
	4	7	N. i.	–	↓	Confinement (0.5 h)	1
	4	7	N. i.	–	–	Confinement (0.5 h)	2
	4	7	N. i.	–	–	Confinement (0.5 h)	4
Salmo salar	2	7	N. i.	–	–	Confinement (0.5 h)	1	(53)
	2	7	N. i.	–	–	Confinement (0.5 h)	2
	2	7	N. i.	↓	↓	Confinement (0.5 h)	10
	3	7	N. i.	↓	–	Confinement (0.5 h)	1
	3	7	N. i.	–	–	Confinement (0.5 h)	2
	3	7	N. i.	↓	↓	Confinement (0.5 h)	10
	4	7	N. i.	–	–	Confinement (0.5 h)	1
	4	7	N. i.	–	↑	Confinement (0.5 h)	2
	4	7	N. i.	↓	↓	Confinement (0.5 h)	10
Oreochromis niloticus	4	7	N. i.	–	–	Chasing (0.3 h)	0	(54)
	10	7	N. i.	↓	–	Chasing (0.3 h)	0
Salmo salar	2	7	N. i.	–	–	Crowding (1 h)	8	(7)
	2	7	N. i.	–	↓	Crowding (1 h)	21
	3	7	N. i.	–	–	Crowding (1 h)	8
	3	7	N. i.	–	↓	Crowding (1 h)	21
Dicentrarchus labrax	2	14	N.i	–	↑	24 h post immune challenge	0
Cyprinus carpio	5	15	N. i.	N. i.	↓	Saltwater (6 h)	0	(55)
Cyprinus carpio		21	N. i.	↓	↓	Cu+ exsposure (7 days)	0	(56)
Cichlasoma dimerus	8	28	N. i.	↓	N. i.			(57)
Labeo rohita	1.7a	45	N. i.	↓	N. i.			(58)
	2.4a	45	N. i.	↓	N. i.
	2.9a	45	N. i.	↓	N. i.
Labeo rohita	2.8	60	N. i.	N. i.	↓	Temp and/or salt (30 days)	0	(59)
	4.8			N. i.	↓	Temp and/or salt (30 days)	0
Cirrhinus mrigala	~3a	60	N. i.	↓	↓	High rearing density (60 days)	0	(60)
Sander lucioperca	3	7-60	N. i.	N. i.	↓	Emersion	0	(61)
	6	7-60	N. i.	N. i.	↓	Emersion	0
AGGRESSION
Oncorhyncus mykiss	36	0	–				0	(20)
		3	–				0
		7	↓				0
	360	0	–				0
		3	–				0
		7	↓				0
Oncorhuncus mykiss	8	7	↓	N. i	↓	A smaller conspefic (1 h)	1	(62)
Gadus morhua	6a	4–10	↓	N. i	N. i	3 × social interact. (0.15 h/day)	0	(63)
Matrinxã Brycon amaz.	2	7	↓	N. i.	↓	Social interaction (0.3 h)	0	(64)
	4	7	↓	N. i.	↓	Social interaction (0.3 h)	0
			Anneroxia
Salmo trutta	3.6	7	↓	N. i.	N. i.	Novel environment (3 days)	1–3	(19)

↑, ↓, and – refers to stimulating, suppressive or no effect t compared to standard feed.

N.i. Not investigated.

^aEstimated from similar feed recipe.