Summary of findings 4. Brain wave music or cognitive behavioural therapy versus control.
| Brain wave music (BWM) or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) versus control | ||||||
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Patient or population: adults undergoing orthodontic treatment Settings: university Intervention: BWM or CBT Comparison: no special instructions | ||||||
| Outcomes | Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | Relative effect (95% CI) | No of Participants (studies) | Quality of the evidence (GRADE) | Comments | |
| Absolute effect in control | Mean difference (MD) with BMW or CBT compared to control | |||||
| Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief: VAS (1 mm to 100 mm) ‐ BWM vs control ‐ 24 hours | 53.83 | Mean patient‐reported pain intensity in the intervention group was26.65 mm lower (39.06 lower to 14.24 lower) | 24 (1 RCT) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very lowa,b | Insufficient evidence to determine whether this intervention was effective or not at all timepoints | |
| Adverse effects for BWM | Not measured | |||||
| Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief: VAS (1 mm to 100 mm) ‐ CBT vs control ‐ 24 hours | 53.83 | Mean patient‐reported pain intensity in the intervention group was20.67 mm lower (32.12 lower to 9.22 lower) | 24 (1 RCT) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ very lowa,b | Insufficient evidence to determine whether this intervention was effective or not at all timepoints | |
| Adverse effects for CBT | Not measured | |||||
| *The basis for the assumed risk (e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: confidence interval; VAS: visual analogue scale; BWM: brain wave music; CBT: cognitive behavioural therapy | ||||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High quality: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect Moderate quality: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different Low quality: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect Very low quality: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect | ||||||
a Downgraded two levels for imprecision b Downgraded one level for unclear risk of bias