Figure 10.

Model showing the temporal effects of PB on gut functions, the ENS, and gut and brain immune profiles in male and female animals. A, B) Graphic summaries of the main effects of exposure to PB are shown for males (A) and for females (B). C) Model showing the main cellular mechanisms affected by the 7-d exposure to PB. PB alters the coordination of gut reflexes by altering the functional activity of enteric neurons and glia and by driving enteric neuroinflammation. PB also disrupts the cholinergic regulation of innate immunity in the intestine, likely through effects on macrophages that involve enteric and vagal neural pathways.