Movahed 2016.

Methods	Randomised clinical trial with 3 treatment arms. Recruitment period unclear, conducted at University Hospital in Qazvin, Iran.
Participants	Inclusion criteria: nulliparous women, 39 weeks gestation or over with Bishop score less than 4. Exclusion criteria: vaginal bleeding, membrane rupture, active genital herpes infection, history of myomectomy, non‐reassuring fetal heart status, history of heart disease.
Interventions	75 women randomised into 3 groups: 25 women received ISMN, 25 received transvaginal catheter and 25 received Laminaria.
Outcomes	Maternal: interval between time of induction and cervical ripening, interval between oxytocin administration and full cervical dilatation, duration of second and third labour phases, mode of delivery, maternal complications. Neonatal: complications.
Notes	Non‐English language. Laminaria not eligible as an intervention for this review. No data suitable for analysis.
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Participants 'randomly divided' by choosing colourful cards.
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No details given.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No evidence to the contrary.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	No evidence to the contrary.
Other bias	Unclear risk	No evidence to the contrary.
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No mention of suitable dummies used.
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	No details given.