Smaldino 1988.

Methods	Randomised
Participants	N = 40 (19 females and 21 males) 10 in each group Age: range 30 to 90 years, mean 69 Inclusion criteria: new HA users
Interventions	Control group: HA with simple orientation Cognitive style: as control but also given information about their learning style Cognitive + AR – 4‐week AR programme plus information on cognitive style AR was individual computer‐based
Outcomes	Short‐term: HPI (HANDICAP)
Notes	—
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Protocol for randomisation not given
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No details provided
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not blinded
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not blinded
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No missing data
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	No protocol available
Other bias	Unclear risk	Only change scores available – not post‐score Not clear whether there was a difference at baseline in the outcome measure as handicap was assessed pre‐intervention with a different measure