Hernández‐Palazón 2016.

Methods	RCT, parallel design,Department of Anaesthesia, Hospital Universitario ‘‘Virgen de la Arrixaca’’, Murcia, Spain; Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario ‘‘Virgen de la Arrixaca’’, Murcia, Spain Sample size: 'An expected mean difference of 1.0, SD in both the groups of 1.2 in brain relaxation score, with error of 0.05 and error of 0.2 were considered as clinically significant for the power analysis.This calculation produced a sample size of 60 subjects (30 subjects per group) considering a loss ratio of 10%.'
Participants	Total: 60 adult patients (18 ‐ 70 years), ASA I/II/III ( 26 female; 34 male) Age [mean (standard deviation)]: mannitol group: 50 (16) years; HTS group: 49 (15) years Gender (male/female): mannitol group: 17/13; HTS group: 17/13 Inclusion:aged 18–70 years, ASA I/II/III Exclusion:perioperative hypo‐ or hyper‐natraemia (serum sodium <130 or >150 mEq/l), treatment with mannitol or HTS in previous 24 h, kidney disease, disturbance of water or sodium metabolism, preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale Score ＜ or = 13, preoperative presence of obstructive hydrocephalus and congestive heart failure.
Interventions	HTS: 3 ml/kg of 3% HTS Control: 3 ml/kg of 20% mannitol at 0.6 g/kg body weight mannitol over 15 minutes
Outcomes	1. Brain relaxation 2. ICU stay 3. Hospital stay 4. Mortality
Notes	4‐point scale: 1=perfectly relaxed, 2=satisfactorily relaxed, 3=firm brain, 4=bulging brain