Comparison 1. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) versus control.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Treatment success: postintervention	4	175	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	5.67 [1.18, 27.32]
1.1 Active control or usual care	2	130	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	2.25 [0.57, 8.88]
1.2 Wait‐list control	2	45	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	24.55 [2.24, 269.03]
2 Treatment success: medium‐term follow‐up (3 to 12 months)	3	139	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	3.08 [0.93, 10.16]
3 Treatment success: long‐term follow‐up (12 months or more)	2	120	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.29 [0.50, 3.33]
4 Pain intensity: postintervention	7	405	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.33 [‐0.74, 0.08]
4.1 Active control or usual care	4	337	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.39, 0.31]
4.2 Wait‐list control	3	68	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.92 [‐1.59, ‐0.24]
5 Pain intensity: postintervention sensitivity analysis for allocation concealment (low risk of bias)	4	247	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.28 [1.00, 0.45]
6 Pain intensity: medium‐term follow‐up (3 to 12 months)	4	301	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.32 [‐0.85, 0.20]
7 Pain intensity: long‐term follow‐up (12 months or more)	3	308	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.04 [‐0.39, 0.31]
8 Quality of life (physical subscale): postintervention	3	136	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.71 [‐0.25, 1.66]
9 Quality of life (psychosocial subscale): postintervention	3	136	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.43 [‐0.21, 1.06]
10 Functional disability or activity limitations: postintervention	4	176	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.57 [‐1.34, 0.19]
10.1 Active control or usual care	2	123	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.01 [‐0.36, 0.34]
10.2 Wait‐list control	2	53	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.31 [‐2.10, ‐0.52]