Table 2. Hazard ratios for risk of death by individual AD, unadjusted and adjusted for confounders.
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Antidepressant | Unadjusted | Adjusteda |
| Citalopram | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| SSRI | ||
| Escitalopram | 0.89 (0.83–0.95), p < .001 |
0.95 (0.89–1.02), p = 0.137 |
| Sertraline | 0.87 (0.83–0.92), p < .001 |
0.96 (0.91–1.01), p = 0.088 |
| Fluoxetine | 0.46 (0.41–0.51), p < .001 |
0.86 (0.77–0.96), p = 0.006 |
| Paroxetine | 0.43 (0.38–0.48), p < .001 |
0.79 (0.71–0.89), p < .001 |
| SSNRI | ||
| Venlafaxine | 0.71 (0.65–0.76), p < .001 |
0.92 (0.85–0.99), p = 0.032 |
| Duloxetine | 0.53 (0.48–0.58), p < .001 |
0.63 (0.58–0.70), p < .001 |
| TCA | ||
| Amitriptyline | 0.89 (0.85–0.92), p < .001 |
1.15 (1.10–1.20), p < .001 |
| Doxepin | 0.45 (0.42–0.49), p < .001 |
0.79 (0.73–0.86), p < .001 |
| Trimipramine | 0.31 (0.28–0.35), p < .001 |
0.61 (0.55–0.69), p < .001 |
| Opipramol | 0.25 (0.23–0.27), p < .001 |
0.57 (0.53–0.61), p < .001 |
| NASSA | ||
| Mirtazapine | 1.01 (0.98–1.04), p = 0.444 |
0.94 (0.92–0.97), p < .001 |
| Herbal AD | ||
| St. John's wort | 0.18 (0.16–0.20), p < .001 |
0.42 (0.38–0.47), p < .001 |
Abbreviation: AD, antidepressant; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TCA, tricyclic ADs; SSNRI, selective noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor; NASSA, noradrenergic and specific serotonergic ADs, CI, confidence interval
a Hazard ratios were adjusted for female sex, age (categorized), year of index prescription ≥ 2012, dementia, psychosis, schizophrenia, sleeping disorders, anxiety disorders, Parkinson’s disease, other movement disorders, pain, cancer, diabetes, myocardial infarction, other coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmia, other cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disorders, valvular disorders, pericardial disorders, peripheral vascular disease, venous thromboembolism and insufficiency, ischemic stroke, other cerebrovascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, liver disease, renal failure, hypertension, obesity, alcohol abuse, fluid and electrolyte disorders, deficiency anemia, any fracture of lower extremities, surgery, weight loss, nursing home residence, insulin, antidiabetic drugs, anti-dementia drugs, opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-Parkinson drugs, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, hypnotics and sedatives, antithrombotic drugs, cardiac glycosides, other antihypertensive drugs, vasodilators, beta-adrenergic agonists, calcium antagonists, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II antagonists, lipid lowering drugs, glucocorticoids, respiratory drugs, antineoplastic agents and immunosuppressants, Charlson comorbidity index > 2, hospitalized time > 5%, 5 to 9 drugs, 10 and more drugs.