Comparison 2. Skin‐to‐skin care with different providers.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Heart rate recovery	2	78	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐32.97 [‐94.52, 28.59]
1.1 Father	1	62	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐26.0 [‐91.34, 39.34]
1.2 Alternate Female	1	16	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐88.0 [‐271.66, 95.66]
2 PIPP Score 30 seconds	2	80	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐1.29 [‐2.73, 0.16]
2.1 Father	1	62	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.94 [‐2.56, 0.68]
2.2 Alternate Female	1	18	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐2.63 [‐5.82, 0.56]
3 PIPP Score 60 seconds	2	80	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐1.42 [‐2.97, 0.12]
3.1 Father	1	62	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐1.30 [‐2.97, 0.37]
3.2 Alternate Female	1	18	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐2.13 [‐6.15, 1.89]
4 PIPP Score 90 seconds	2	80	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.48 [‐2.05, 1.09]
4.1 Father	1	62	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.0 [‐1.73, 1.73]
4.2 Alternate Female	1	18	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐2.62 [‐6.27, 1.03]
5 PIPP Score 120 Seconds	2	80	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.12 [‐1.31, 1.55]
5.1 Father	1	62	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.61 [‐0.93, 2.15]
5.2 Alternate Female	1	18	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐2.88 [‐6.70, 0.94]