Johnston 2003.

Methods	Randomized cross over trial
Participants	74 infants (32 to 36 weeks PMA) Postnatal age, range, days: 0 to 10 Birth weight, mean ± SD (range), grams: 2054 ± 406 (1320‐3125) Painful procedure: heel lance Study period: 9 April 2001 to 28 June 2002
Interventions	Intervention: 30 minutes of skin‐to‐skin care before and during heel stick Control: standard care during painful procedure Provider: mother
Outcomes	PIPP score at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes Secondary outcomes: heart rate and oxygen saturation
Notes	Country: Canada Power calculation: yes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	"Ordering of conditions was determined randomly by a computer‐generated program."
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Off site computer generated program (information obtained from authors)
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	"The camera was in close‐up focus on the neonate's face, with little surrounding area, no sound, and minimal colour, and turned 60 degrees in the KC condition so as to decrease the possibility of unblinding by research assistants who scored the tapes. Research assistants, who were blinded to the purpose of the study by being told that the study was about neonatal facial actions, coded facial actions in the laboratory of the principal investigator."
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Data were provided for all 74 neonates included in the study
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	Data were provided for all outcome measures listed in the methods section.
Other bias	Low risk	"There was a minimum of 24 hours and a maximum of 7 days between conditions, because the frequency of blood sampling was determined by clinical considerations." Study is apparently free of other sources of bias