Wald 2012.

Methods	Individual‐level randomised double‐blind placebo‐controlled cross‐over trial
Participants	86 individuals (43 Polypill then placebo; 43 placebo then Polypill) aged 50 years or over without history of cardiovascular disease who were previously taking simvastatin and blood pressure‐lowering drugs; limited to participants living in London or could travel easily to London
Interventions	Intervention: fixed‐dose combination (amlodipine 2.5mg, losartan 25mg, hydrochlorothiazide 12.5mg, simvastatin 40mg) daily for 12 weeks Comparator: placebo
Outcomes	SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, LDL‐C, HDL‐C, triglycerides, apoB, adherence (pill counts of fixed‐dose combination compared with placebo), adverse events
Notes	Comparator: inactive/placebo
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer‐generated block randomisation
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Low risk	Computer‐generated block randomisation with sequential identical blister packs
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Placebo controlled
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Outcome assessors reported as being blinded
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Primary outcomes reported
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Adverse event data not clearly described; only proportion of individuals with "symptom", which was assumed to be an adverse event
Other bias	Low risk	No need for intention‐to‐treat analysis as cross‐over design. Any losses to follow‐up clear

apoB: apolipoprotein B
 CHD: coronary heart disease
 CVD: cardiovascular disease
 DBP: diastolic blood pressure
 ECG: electrocardiogram
 HDL‐C: high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol
 LDL‐C: low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol
 PVD: peripheral vascular disease
 RCT: randomised controlled trial
 SBP: systolic blood pressure