2. Anaesthetic agents for sedation or to produce general anaesthesia.
| Study | Sedative drugs for participants of the regional blockade group | Anaesthetic agents for general anaesthesia |
| Berggren 1987 | Premedication: Meperidine No other sedative drugs mentioned as routinely administered for the surgery. |
Premedication: Meperidine Induction: Thiopental and atropine Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, halothane and succinylcholine infusion |
| Biboulet 2012 | None mentioned | Subgroup 1 Induction: Propofol Maintainance: Propofol infusion (for a bispectral index value of 50) and remifentanil Subgroup 2 Induction: Sevoflurane Maintainance: Sevoflurane (for a bispectral index value of 50) and remifentanil |
| Biffoli 1998 | None mentioned | Induction: Propofol Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, isoflurane, fentanyl (intermittent injections) plus an atracurium infusion |
| Bigler 1985 | Premedication: Pethidine Small amounts of diazepam if needed |
Premedication: Pethidine Induction: Diazepam and atropine Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, fentanyl and pancuronium |
| Bredahl 1991 | Premedication: Pethidine Diazepam for mild sedation |
Premedication: Pethidine Induction: Thiopental Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, thiopental and pethidine |
| Brichant 1995 | Not mentioned | According to local practice |
| Brown 1994 | Premedication: Tamazepam or pethidine No drug supplementation during the surgery |
Premedication: Tamazepam or pethidine Induction: Thiopental or propofol Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, isoflurane or enflurane and atracurium 0.5 mg/kg one dose |
| Cao 2008 | Midazolam and fentanyl if required | |
| Casati 2003 | One dose of fentanyl before the block No other sedative drug routinely administered for the surgery. |
Induction: Sevoflurane Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, sevoflurane |
| Couderc 1977 | Premedication: Hydroxyzine and atropine None mentioned for the surgery |
Premedication: Hydroxyzine and atropine Induction: Thiopental Maintainance: Nitrous oxide plus 1) Thiopental and dextromoramide or 2) methoxyflurane. One dose of pancuronium in some participants |
| Davis 1981 | Ketamine 20‐25 mg (for eight participants) before the spinal Ketamine at unspecified total doses during the surgery (two participants) or 25 mg at skin closure (two participants) Diazepam (mean dose 9 mg; range 0‐35 mg) |
Induction: Diazepam (mean dose 9.5 mg; range 2.5 to 30 mg) Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, fentanyl and pancuronium |
| Davis 1987 | Benzodiazepine (optional) | Induction: Thiopental Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, fentanyl and non‐depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent |
| de Visme 2000 | Alfentanil before the block and as required during the surgery. No mandatory sedative drugs mentioned. One patient in the continuous peripheral nerve block received "sedation repeatedly". | |
| Eyrolle 1998 | Propofol as required | |
| Heidari 2011 | None mentioned | Induction: Thiopental Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, fentanyl, halothane and one dose of pancuronium |
| Hoppenstein 2005 | None mentioned | Induction: Thiopental Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, isoflurane, fentanyl and vecuronium |
| Ibanez 1993 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Juelsgaard 1998 | Premedication: Pethidine None mentioned for the surgery |
Premedication: Pethidine Induction: Thiopental Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, enflurane, fentanyl and one dose of atracurium |
| Kamitani 2003 | No sedative drug | Induction: Propofol Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, fentanyl, sevoflurane and one dose of vecuronium |
| Maurette 1988 | None mentioned | Induction: Thiopental Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, dextromoramide and enflurane |
| McKenzie 1984 | Small doses of diazepam | Induction: Althesin Maintainance: Nitrous oxide and halothane |
| McLaren 1978 | Althesin and nitrous oxide; arousable by ear lobe pressure | Induction: Althesin Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, fentanyl and pancuronium one dose |
| Messina 2013 | None mentioned | Induction: Propofol Maintainance: Sevoflurane, remifentanil and one dose of cisatracurium |
| Racle 1986 | Premedication: Hydroxyzine and atropine Flunitrazepam, verbal contact possible |
Premedication: Hydroxyzine and atropine Induction: Thiopental Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, enflurane, fentanyl and one dose of vecuronium |
| Spreadbury 1980 | No group with regional anaesthesia alone | Ketamine group Induction and maintenance: Ketamine and diazepam (2.5 to 10 mg) Relaxant group Technique at the discretion of the attending anaesthesiologist |
| Svarting 1986 | Premedication: Pethidine and atropine None mentioned for the surgery |
Premedication: Pethidine and atropine Induction: Thiopental Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, fentanyl (repeated injections) and one dose of pancuronium |
| Tasker 1983 | Not reported | Not reported |
| Ungemach 1993 | Not reported | Induction: Not reported Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, isoflurane and fentanyl |
| Valentin 1986 | Premedication: Pethidine and promethazine in some of the participants Small doses of diazepam and fentanyl |
Premedication: Pethidine and promethazine in some of the participants Subgroup 1 Induction: Thiopental or not Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, enflurane and gallamine (not all participants) Subgroup 2 Induction: Not clearly mentioned Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, droperidol, fentanyl and gallamine |
| Wajima 1995 | None mentioned | Induction: Thiopental Maintainance: Nitrous oxide and sevoflurane |
| White 1980 | Premedication: Diazepam Althesin, nitrous oxide and fentanyl (spontaneous breathing) for the two subgroups |
Premedication: Diazepam Induction: Thiopental Maintainance: Nitrous oxide, halothane and fentanyl |