Bredahl 1991.

Methods	Randomized trial: method not stated Approved by the Ethics Committee and informed consent obtained from each patient
Participants	Orthopaedic hospital Aalborg, Denmark 30 ASA I or II physical status women with a proximal femoral fracture Mean age 79 years (range 60‐90) Male: 0% Loss to follow‐up: not stated, but 2 excluded due to incomplete data Operated within 24 hours
Interventions	Treatment group: Ephedrine 25 mg IM plus IV ephedrine for pre‐spinal hypotension (2 patients). Spinal anaesthesia at L2‐3 or L3‐4 with 2.5‐3 mL of 0.5% plain bupivacaine in lateral decubitus. Oxygen supplement during the surgical intervention, sedation with IV diazepam (n = 15) Control group: General anaesthesia using thiopentone, pethidine, pancuronium, nitrous oxide/oxygen, IPPV, and suxamethonium (n = 15 randomized; 13 analysed) Premedication with pethidine 0.5 mg/kg for all patients. IM Nicomorphine for postoperative analgesia
Outcomes	Length of surgery
Notes	Study designed to examine the difference in body temperature between the two anaesthetic technique Length of follow‐up: 3 days Presence/absence of thromboprophylaxis not mentioned
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	"randomly allocated", no details
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not mentioned
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not mentioned
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not mentioned
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Two patients excluded from the general anaesthesia group for incomplete data
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	No failed spinal mentioned
Other bias	Low risk	Groups well balanced