Brown 1994.

Methods	RCT Approved by the local Ethics Committee and signed written informed consent from each participant
Participants	Orthopaedic hospital in Hong Kong 20 ASA 2 or 3 patients with a proximal femoral fracture Mean age 77 years (range 66‐91) Male: 50% Number lost to follow‐up: not stated
Interventions	Premedication with pethidine or temazepam Treatment group: Spinal (subarachnoid) anaesthesia with 0.2 mg/kg hyperbaric bupivacaine (n = 10) Control group: General anaesthesia using thiopentone or propofol, isoflurane or enflurane atracurium and nitrous oxide/oxygen (n= 10)
Outcomes	Operative hypotension (requiring administration of vasopressor)
Notes	Length of follow‐up: 2 days (up to 44 hours)
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomized trial: use of random numbers table
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not mentioned
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not mentioned
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not mentioned
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No loss to follow‐up
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	No failed neuraxial block mentioned
Other bias	Low risk	Groups well balanced