Racle 1986.

Methods	RCT Consent obtained from the family or the patient for the spinal anaesthesia group
Participants	Orthopaedic hospital in Cedex, France 70 female patients with a proximal femoral fracture Mean age: 82 years (Inclusion criterion: 75+, range not given) Male: 0% Number lost to follow‐up: not state Hemi‐ or total hip arthroplasty
Interventions	Premedication with IM hydroxyzine and atropine Treatment group: 200‐300 IV fluids before the spinal and 8 mL/kg after. Spinal anaesthesia with 3 mL 0.5% bupivacaine + adrenaline with the patients lying on the fractured side (n = 35). Flunitrazepam for sedation Control group: General anaesthesia using thiopentone, vecuronium, fentanyl, nitrous oxide/oxygen, enflurane (n = 35)
Outcomes	Mortality at 1 and 3 months Length of surgery Operative hypotension (number of patients with > 20% decrease in systolic arterial blood pressure) Length of hospital stay Pneumonia Congestive cardiac failure Acute confusional state (maximal number observed) Pulmonary embolism Acute kidney injury Cerebrovascular accident
Notes	Length of follow‐up: 3 months In French Early mobilization and heparin for thromboprophylaxis
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	"Randomization table Cochran and Cox"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Not mentioned
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not mentioned
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not mentioned
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No loss to follow‐up
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	No failed spinal
Other bias	Low risk	Groups well balanced